Cultural Symbolism Of Tattoos - 1134 Words

For some people tattoos are being used as a known accessory, the reason on why do people make the decision to get them is hardly if ever even questioned. The pain, the stereotypes, and the misconceptions that are often associated with tattoos would pose the question as to why would you choose to get a tattoo. Tattoos can be personal and good way of expressing yourself. Most people, they are shown as different symbols that each have an equal level of significance. The essential of each tattoo have each found the symbolism of them, and their cultural relevance has consistently been a trend found throughout history, religion, and art. Before the mid 1960’s, tattoos were viewed as self-infliction and are deemed simply as unnecessary.†¦show more content†¦Why would anyone want to endure self- inflicted pain? That question is asked all of the time. The only answer is that receiving a tattoo, a person gains a sense an immediate feeling of self-approval. I made the decis ion to get a tattoo a few weeks before I turned eighteen, and it was one of the best decisions I have ever made. Although there was pain, I knew that it would be worthwhile after it was done. Pain is a fascination to some people. The phenomenon; which some enjoy the pain that it gives them a feeling of being alive, while others do everything in their power to avoid it. â€Å"Of course, everyone knows the saying judging a book by its cover is a reality so there will always be someone who disapproves. The one thing I try to do is be upfront about who I am, which includes my tattoo†. Even though not all tattoos have to have some deep meaning to them, people just want them so they can be different. Even though it’s a paradox since some people get them just to be like someone else, who is well respected in society. A study that was conveyed by Viren Swami communicates the satisfaction that people get after obtaining a tattoo. In the investigation of tattoos, it talks abo ut the many diverse ingredients that go into determining how perky someone was with their presentation of themselves before they get a tattoo, and then their new reaction of themselves after receiving the tattoo. Many of the people that were used in theShow MoreRelatedCultural Tattoos Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesTattoos and Their Cultural Relevance For as long as there have been people, there have been methods of distinction amongst them. Throughout the years we have discovered ways in which to express our beliefs, our ideals, and our passions. Tattooing has been one of forefront methods in expressing our humanity, or in certain cases, our lack there of. For so many, they have taken on many different representations, each with an equal level of significance. The importance found in the symbolism of tattoosRead MoreTattoos Are A Symbol Of Sexual And Bodily Freedom1447 Words   |  6 Pagesin this type of body art in Western society over the last century, regardless of its savage-like connotations. Tattoos are viewed by many women as a symbol of control over their bodies, which challenges their historically rooted dependence on men. In this paper, I will argue that although tattoos are a symbol of sexual and bodily freedom for many women, men often interpret this symbolism to mean not simply that women have freedom to make decis ions about their bodies, but that women will be promiscuousRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Work Essay example1626 Words   |  7 Pagesand the women and blacks were allowed to fill the open positions† (American Cultural History the Twentieth Century 2). During this time in age, the Holocaust was taking place. The military provided for a GI bill, which in turn gave more men college educations. â€Å"In 1949, three times as many college degrees were conferred as in 1940. College became available to the capable rather than the privileged few† (American Cultural History the Twentieth Century 3). The baby boom was a result of the returningRead MoreBody Art and Ornamentation Essays1569 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Cultural Anthropology ANT101 July 28, 2013 There is no culture in which people do not, or did not paint, pierce, tattoo, reshape, or simply adorn their bodies (Schildkrout, 2001). Throughout history, body art and ornamentation has become a worldwide phenomenon and has played a key role in our lives, yet there is a social stigma which we cannot seem to rid ourselves of. It is most commonly misunderstood and misinterpreted which can be attributed to the fact that the symbolism and significanceRead MoreThe Importance Of Tattoos1195 Words   |  5 Pagesis a dragon, tribal marking, Asian character, or a simple phrase, thousands of people get tattoos daily. Tattoos have played a significant role in self-expression and identity since ancient times. Tattoos can be recreational, cultural, symbolic, or just stylistic. For some people, it is an expression of identity and personal beliefs. This is exactly the case for Leslie Jamison. She tells the story of her tattoo in â€Å"Mark My Words. Maybe.† The Latin phrase â€Å"homo s um: humani nil a me alienum puto† isRead MoreThe Works Of Montien Boonma, Shirin Neshat And Frida Kahlo2516 Words   |  11 Pagespiece to convey a variety of different expressions such as the beauty of an object or their views on the world, being politics or religion in particular. The main connections to these artists and their work is the symbol of belief due to either their cultural upbringing or their own personal view of life, which may have had an influence of some sort. In the following I will discuss and analyse the works of Montien Boonma, Shirin Neshat and Frida Kahlo in comparison with my work analysing meaning, techniquesRead MoreBody Piercings And Its Impact On Society1665 Words   |  7 Pagesthat piercings in adolescents are more than simply â€Å"self-expression.† A study over body piercings, tattoos, self-esteem, and body investment in adolescent girls discusses how body art intertwines body image, self-concept, peer acceptance, self-esteem, and even self-mutilation towards motivations behind getting a piercing (or tattoo). For example, body modifications (particularly piercings and tattoos) can be interpreted as more than a coming-of-age statement. According to the article, the authorsRead MoreTattoos In Western Culture2076 Words   |  9 PagesTattoos in Western Culture The art of tattooing has changed in modern times quite drastically. It is slowly becoming more acceptable to own and display tattoos on one’s body. In more conservative times, those with tattoos were looked on as social outcast, turned down for jobs and seen as strange outsiders. However, within the past half century, tattoos have steadily become more acceptable. Millions of people in America now proudly tattoo their skin, with everything from religious symbols toRead MoreSocietys Construction of Reality Essay711 Words   |  3 Pagessocietys or a groups widely held values and norms (from: Sociology An Introduction). Though all crime is considered deviant behavior all deviant behavior is not criminal. While some actions such as murder and rape is punishable others such as getting tattoos and dying your hair green an not. Both are out of the norm for social behavior. Both are deviant. Deviance I s also relative. There is no action that is actually right or wrong it all de pends on which societys rules are you adhering to. For exampleRead MoreCultural Appropriation Of The Koru Essay1883 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will address the issues of cultural appropriation of the koru in relation to the denotation of this Maori icon as well as its significant connotations, both visually in art and fashion and symbolically in business application. There are two motivational factors for initiating cultural appropriations that this essay explores: economic gain and artistic expression. The research focuses on specific New Zealand context on modern societal ethnicity. The koru (see Figure 1) has a morphological

Limitation Of The Strengths And Repitations Of Human...

Many animals have the ability to restore their tissue after injury. Among the most fascinating vertebrate models are newts and axololts, which can regenerate their entire appendages. This intricately regulated process is mediated by the formation of the blastema. While much has been learned about limb regeneration in the past decades, several underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. A recent study by Sandoval-Guzman and colleagues has shed light on the regeneration of muscle in such salamander species. This review will briefly discuss the findings of the paper and compare the strengths and limitations of each research model. To study the regenerative capacity in the newt and axolotl after amputation, the authors employed a†¦show more content†¦Next, the authors sought to determine whether myofiber dedifferentiation was taking place during the early stages of regeneration. This was true in the newt species, as evidenced by the existence of YFP MHC positive cells in the stump region and the lack of such nuclei in the blastema. Furthermore, cells within the distal blastema were mononuclear and actively proliferating as determined by the PCNA and EdU assays. This finding prompted researchers to examine if myofiber dedifferentiation was paralleled in the axolotl. Surprisingly, YFP positive nuclei were restricted to the upper limb proximal to the amputation site, and absent in the lower limb and hand. This indicated that myofibers did not invade the blastema or contribute to limb regeneration. Moreover, such outcome was verified using a grafting experiment that transferred donor blastema â€Å"CAGGS: ert2-cre-ert2-T2A-nucGFP† to the upper arm tissue of the amputee host â€Å"CAGGS:loxp-GFP-STOP-loxp-Cherry†. The fusion of transgenic myoblast nuclei gave rise to a chimeric limb that expressed Cherry in its myofibers after treatment with tamoxifen. Subsequently, the newly formed limb was amputated and Cherry positive cells failed to colonize the regenerate tissue. With myofiber dedifferentiation ruled out, Sandoval-Guzman and colleagues went on to investigate other mechanisms that can stimulate de novo myogenesis in the axolotl. The authors

Drug Legalization Essay Example For Students

Drug Legalization Essay Will the legalization of certain drugs reduce the crime rate in the UnitedStates? This question has baffled United States lawmakers, reformists, andcitizens alike for so long that many people probably consider it a rhetoricalquestion. With this in mind, I think that the only solution would be to go tothe research and see what studies would say about the dilemma. For thisparticular paper, I found some research that looked at the legalization ofmarijuana in the United States, and I think for all intensive purposes, it isthe best drug to discuss in respect to legalization anyway. To be completelyhonest, I think that marijuana should be legalized in our country. That is justa personal opinion, that Im sure is shared by the majority of kids that aremy age as well. But, personally I do not use marijuana for medical or medicinalpurposes, but at least fifty percent of the people that I associate with do useit so I am familiar with it. One of the reasons that I think it should belegalized is the fact that alcohol is legal. In all of my experiences with thetwo drugs, I believe that the effects of alcohol definitely outweigh those ofmarijuana. Lets just say that I would much rather be on the highway withsomeone who is stoned on pot than to be on the highway with someone that isreally drunk. I also think that legalizing marijuana would cause the supply anddemand to shift and the price would plummet, alleviating the need of some to roband kill for enough money to support their habit. I could argue my point forparagraphs, but instead, I will see what research says about it, and who knows,I may change my mind. The article that I used for this paper came from the June1998 issue of The Journal of Legal Medicine. It is entitled Is the debate aSmoke Screen for Movement Toward Legalization. The author cites in thearticle an episode of the sitcom Murphy brown, where actress Candice Bergensmokes a joint on national television for medicinal purposes while sufferingfrom breast cancer. The author believes that the nationally televised sitcomendorsed a drug that has not been accepted by the FDA yet and that the event maybe a foreshadowing of the future of the drug in our country. In the article, theauthor posed the same question that we are faced with in this essay? The authorbelieves that before the US legalizes the drug, that they should look at anothercountrys experiences with crime where the drug is legal. In this particularcase, he uses Holland as a comparison. The statistics that he found were veryshocking to me. The author of the article found that: between 1984 and 1992,marijuana use among males between the ages of 12 and 18 increased by 277percent. During this particular time; shootings increased 40 percent, carthefts increased 62 percent, and hold-ups increased 69 percent. Whether ornot these statistics can be proven to be due to the legalization of marijuana ishard to prove, but they definitely make one think about it. Also in the article,the author reveals that: 75 percent of criminal offenders in the UnitedStates believe that they were under some influence of marijuana at the time ofthe crime, and 7 percent of those who committed homicides believe their actionswere directly related to their use of marijuana. Although there are flaws onboth sides of the dispute, one of the strongest points to the anti-legalizationmovement is the argument that marijuana is a gateway drug which leads to the useof harder, more addictive drugs. .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 , .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .postImageUrl , .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 , .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:hover , .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:visited , .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:active { border:0!important; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:active , .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3 .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua72816122159468c3ed26810fd61c7e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I am violently warring for peace Essay In this particular article, the author cites astudy in which out of all of the persons studied, 20 percent of persons whouse marijuana were three to ten times more likely to go on to use cocaine, and75 percent of persons who used marijuana 100 or more times later usedcocaine. Another strong argument is that if the US legalizes the drug formedicinal purposes, then it will precipitate the legalization of marijuana on ahigher scale, a more recreational scale. So, the only thing that I can concludeis that the legalization of marijuana is a very problematic dilemma that theUnited States has been faced with for many years. Both sides have c onsiderablearguments, but there is still so much controversy and gray area that follows thesubject. Like most other Americans, I have a lot of difficulty taking eitherside. I think that the only way to resolve the problem is to continue toresearch marijuana, its benefits and its dangers, and see which onesoutweigh the others. It is then and only then that lawmakers should make theirultimate decision about the fate of the drug in our country. BibliographyIs the Debate a Smoke Screen for Movement Toward Legalization? The Journal ofLegal Medicine. June, 1998##FOOTER##

Tobacco Essays (2527 words) - Smoking, Tobacco,

Tobacco Tobacco is a plant grown for its leaves that are smoked, chewed, or sniffed for a variety of effects. It is considered an addictive substance because it contains the chemical nicotine. The tobacco plant is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North American and European tobacco products is Nicotine Tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 45 carcinogens and more than 4,000 chemicals. Prior to European influence in the Americas, the Indians of Mexico and Peru used tobacco for the ceremonies, medical purposes and to alleviate hunger pains during famines. Columbus is credited with introducing tobacco into Europe. Tobacco use became widely accepted by the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, and Scandinavians. Explorers and sailors who became dependent upon tobacco began planting seeds at their ports of call, introducing the product into other parts of Europe and Asia. The colonist introduced tobacco on the American continent in the early 1600's. It became a major crop and trading commodity of the Jamestown Colony. Over the years tobacco has been claimed as a cure for a wide range of ailments with varying forms of administration. Its social importance also grew over the years, even the point of denoting the "modern women" during the 1st part of the twentieth century. It was not until the 1960's, with the introduction of medical research related to cigarette smoking that the adverse health effects of the tobacco became widely publicized. Unfortunately, most of the health hazards were only associated with cigarette smoking. While the number of cigarette smokers in the United States has continually decreased over recent years the number of smokeless tobacco users has steadily increased. Since the 1970's a 15-fold increase in smokeless tobacco has been noted in adolescents 17 to 19 years old. This has most likely been related to the emphasis on smoke free environments, availability, increased advertising of smokeless products, and the false belief that smokeless tobacco is a safe alternative for those convinced they should stop smoking but who still want the nicotine effects of tobacco. Although over 40 million people in the United States have quit smoking, about 50 million continue to smoke (about 25% of the population). Each year, approximately 1.3 million Americans quit smoking. In addition about two thirds of current smokers report they have never tried to quit. About 30 to 40% of those who have not tried to quit say they do not believe that the health risks of smoking will ultimately decrease their risks for disease. Young men are at highest risk for using tobacco products but the incidence in women is increasing. Smokeless tobacco use patterns are higher within the following occupations; athletes, ranchers, farmers, fishermen, lumberjacks, and industrial workers, who have jobs requiring hand freedom. Nicotine has both stimulant and depressant effects upon the body. Bowel tone and activity increases along with saliva and bronchial secretions. Stimulation is followed with a phase that depresses the respiratory muscles. As an euphoric agent, nicotine causes arousal as well as relaxation from stressful situations. On the average, tobacco use increases the heart rate 10 to 20 beats per minute and it increases the blood pressure reading by 5 to 10 millimeters of mercury (because it constricts the blood vessels). Nicotine may also increase sweating, nausea and diarrhea because of its effects on the central nervous system. Nicotine's effect upon hormonal activities is also present. It elevates the blood level of glucose and increases insulin production. Nicotine also tends to enhance platelet aggregation, which may lead to blood clotting. The positive effects of nicotine upon the body should also be noted. It stimulates memory and alertness, enhancing cognitive skills that requires speed, reaction time and work performance. As a mood-altering agent, it tends to alleviate boredom, reduces stress, and reduces aggressive responses to stressful events. It also tends to be an appetite suppressant specifically decreasing the appetite for simple carbohydrates and disturbs the efficiency with which food is metabolized. People who use tobacco products frequently depend upon it to provide these side effects to help them accomplish certain tasks at specific levels. With all the information that is out today why do people continue to smoke? Since 1964, the Surgeon General has warned that smoking is a health hazard this announcement promoted the U.S. Public Health Service and The American Cancer Society to publicize the dangers of tobacco smoking, and offer suggestions to those trying to quit. Cigarette packages were required to carry the warning " may be hazardous

Dream Analysis essays

Dream Analysis essays I chose this topic mainly due to how much the subject intrigues me. I usually am a person who searches for an answer that is correct and definite. This subject, on the other hand, has no correct answer. Instead, it has different hypotheses in which the reader can either believe or distrust; I have made my own educated guess about dreams. Within this paper includes many details pertaining on dreaming and some theories that I have found to be most captivating. Why do animals dream? Are the reams instructions from the spiritual world or just deep, hidden wishes that can be used to unlock the secrets of the unconscious mind? Nobody knows for sure, but one theory that I found is prevalent is that dreams result from the physiological "exercise" or the synapses of the brain. There is no proven research that can declare why mammals dream, which is the reason as to why there are so many theories on the topic. Some theories that I read have evolved from such famous doctors as Sigmund Freud. The theories involved are mind boggling, but if read carefully, can put anyone into deep thought as to a logical reason for their dreams. This process of thinking is called interpreting or analyzing. From such famous psychiatrists like Sigmund Freud and his theory that dreams carry our hidden desires, while Jung believes that dreams carry a detailed meaning. Although not specifically of desire, but that the dreamer can use cautious steps as to interpret these dreams. After these ancient theories, others continued such research like Cayce. He states that in dreams are our bodys means of building up of the mental, spiritual and physical well-being. One interesting argument came between Evans', Crick and Mitchinson theories. Evans believes that dreaming is our bodies way of storing the vast array of information gained during the day, whereas Crick and Mitchinson believe that this information is being dumped rather than stored. Whichever theory...

Differences Between American and British English

Differences Between American and British English While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American English and British English are the two varieties that are taught in most ESL/EFL programs. Generally, it is agreed that no one version is correct, but there are certainly preferences in use. The three major differences between American and British English are: Pronunciation - differences in both vowel and consonants, as well as stress and intonationVocabulary - differences in nouns and verbs, especially phrasal verb usage and the names of specific tools or itemsSpelling - differences are generally found in certain prefix and suffix forms The most important rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage. If you decide that you want to use American English, then be consistent in your spelling (i.e. The color of the orange is also its flavour - color is American spelling and flavour is British). Of course, this is not always easy or possible. The following guide is meant to point out the principal differences between these two varieties of English. Minor Grammar Differences There are very few grammar differences between American and British English. Certainly, the words we choose might be different at times. However, generally speaking, we follow the same grammar rules. With that said, there are a few differences.   Use of the Present Perfect In British English, the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example: Ive lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English, the following is also possible:I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English, the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English: Ive just had lunch.Ive already seen that film.Have you finished your homework yet? American English: I just had lunch OR Ive just had lunch.Ive already seen that film OR I already saw that film.Have you finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? Two Forms to Express Possession There are two forms to express possession in English: have or have got. Do you have a car?Have you got a car?He hasnt got any friends.He doesnt have any friends.She has a beautiful new home.Shes got a beautiful new home. While both forms are correct (and accepted in both British and American English), have got (have you got, he hasnt got, etc.) is generally the preferred form in British English, while most speakers of American English employ the have (do you have, he doesnt have etc.) The Verb Get The past participle of the verb get is gotten in American English. American English: Hes gotten much better at playing tennis. British English: Hes got much better at playing tennis. Have got is used predominately in British English to indicate  have in the sense of possession. Strangely, this form is also used in the United States with the British participle got, rather than gotten. Americans will also use have got to in the sense of have to for responsibilities. Ive got to work tomorrow.Ive got three friends in Dallas. Vocabulary The largest  differences between British and American English lie in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties, for example: Mean: American English - angry, bad humored, British English - not generous, tight-fisted. American English: Dont be so mean to your sister! British English: Shes so mean she wont even pay for a cup of tea. There are many more examples (too many for me to list here). If there is a difference in usage, your dictionary will note the different meanings in its definition of the term. Many vocabulary items are also used in one form and not in the other. One of the best examples of this is the terminology used for automobiles. American English - hood / British English - bonnetAmerican English - trunk / British English - bootAmerican English - truck / British English - lorry For a more complete list of the vocabulary differences between British and American English, use this British vs. American English vocabulary tool. Spelling Here are some general differences between British and American spellings: Examples of words that end in -or in American English and -our in British English: color/colour, humor/humour, flavor/flavourExamples of words that end in -ize in American English and -ise in British English: recognize/recognise, patronize/patronise The best way to make sure that you are being consistent in your spelling is to utilize the spell check tool associated with your word processor and select the type of English (American or British) youd like to use.

Nationalism and Patriotism in World War I Assignment

Nationalism and Patriotism in World War I - Assignment Example The novel conveyed various themes including nationalism and patriotism which will be the focus of this exposition. The author shatters any idealistic predeterminations that prospective readers may develop in the course of reading the novel in his portrayal of all possible ghastly consequences in war participation. Yet again, the emphasis of this treatise is directed towards â€Å"nationalism† and â€Å"patriotism† and their corresponding examples as exemplified in the novel. The reader is likewise informed to all new sorts of attacks in the war which even more procured the writer the impetus to write this novel. Nationalism Nationalism oftentimes connotes the unwavering commitment and loyalty of a person towards his mother homeland. In the novel â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front†, nationalism is introduced through the encouragement of Paul’s teacher, Kantorek, to join the German army shortly after the commencement of the World War 1. Paul recalled how K antorek would constantly push them to join the war by subtle forms of bullying and by verbalizing patriotic passages towards them, thereby criticizing their spinelessness. Albeit Kantorek expressed 2 nationalism by encouraging the young men to enlist themselves in the war, Kantorek was not among those people who belonged to the generation relatively entreated to battle for their homeland. In the novel it says â€Å"For us young men of twenty  everything is extraordinarily vague, for Kropp,  Muller, Leer, and me, for all of us whom Kantorek  calls the â€Å"Iron Youth†Ã¢â‚¬  (Wheen 1929), people who offer their lives in order to serve the political interest of their leaders. This thereby implies that not all nationalistic goals are motivated by acceptable intents. Paul felt acrimonious as to how they cannot defy the calls of their conscience and about the thoughts of nationalistic contributions pleaded of them which eventually compelled them to join the war; neverthele ss, Paul still was able to utilize it in humanitarian cause. Nationalism transcended beyond its common description, that is loyalty to your homeland, when Paul reconciled with the Russian soldiers after realizing that they do not war against each other because they are enemies but because they were ordered to do so. Furthermore, Paul altered his customary understanding about nationalism as manifested by his feeling of remorse after slaying a person for the first time. He felt numb and haunted after seeing the soldier gasping for air and slowly dying. The nationalism portrayed in the novel projects it in different angles. It did not only focus on pristine loyalty to his homeland but nationalism by understanding why they were in war and realizing how they are used as a â€Å"marionette† leverage of their political leaders. Patriotism In deliberating on a certain novel and its undertones and meanings, we find nationalism and patriotism as one of the most common themes when it co mes to war novels. However, in the novel â€Å"All Quiet on the Western Front†, it does not focus on the triumph of war or any 3 undesirable consequences that one who engages in battle would encounter. The novel is just a simple exposition of how war can separate a person from his civil life, particularly a person who was involved in the war itself. The novel depicts truthful accounts of the actual events that took place in the war scene and thereby added the traumatic effect of witnessing a dying person, hovering killer planes, a

Literature and theory report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literature and theory report - Essay Example mong economists with one school of thought arguing that the government expenditure is a problem to the economy while the other thinking is that it is a solution to economic betterment. Further notes that European Union has not adopted strict approach of fiscal obligation, taxation reduction and economic freedom.2 Furth is concerned with data on deficits, expenditure, taxation and growth in relation to the fiscal policy stand of thirty-seven European countries. His research revealed that structural deficits would predict stimulus followed by reduction on deficit, and he documented a variability of fiscal policies that many economies have pursued in paradox to a number of prevalent generalizations of European austerity.3 He notes that increasing taxes would be far more harmful than expenditure cuts,4 and the effect of tax increment have a huge difference, and they cannot be together labelled as austerity as they would conceal more than there is in the revelation of fiscal policy.5 Furth research has shown the relationship that exists between increased government expenditure and economic progress. Other economists had focused on government debt and its effect to the economy. It had been noted that government debt hurt the economy by burdening not only the current generation but also the future generation.6 Due to high debt the current generation is forced to pay for the interest of the loan advanced to the country for which benefit will be consumed by future generation. Moreover, the future generation will carry on the burden and mistake of their predecessors because the rate of interest will be much higher that the benefit of which it was taken. Furth’s research presents another angle to fiscal policy approach that the government can utilize without resulting to changing the taxation system. It reveals that there has been a considerate role of the government inability to set up good fiscal policies. Governments have concerned themselves in increasing t axes in

Romanticism in Frankenstein Essay Example for Free

Romanticism in Frankenstein Essay Romanticism was an intellectual movement that took hold in Europe during the late 18th century. Romanticism was born out of a direct opposition to Enlightenment views that emphasized reason, science and knowledge. The Enlightenment had evolved as a response to oppression by the church. During the Enlightenment Europeans began to question the laws of the church and state that were deemed biased and unfair. As a result to this oppression Europeans began to seek out knowledge and the philosophers of the time were seen as political thinkers and leaders. In contrast, Romanticism was a movement that opposed political norms that were the foundation of Enlightenment thinking. Romanticism placed emphasis on feelings, love, individuality and imagination to name a few. Romanticism touched all facets of art, literature and music during the late 1800s. Many writers during this time produced works that help to define the era of Romanticism by creating characters that were individualists with a keen sense of â€Å"self-definition and self-awareness† (Brians). Mary Shelley is considered one of the great novelists of the Romantic period even though she is only credited with writing one novel that falls within the Romantic genre. Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein: or The Modern Prometheus, in 1818 as part of a writing competition held by Lord Byron in Geneva. It was originally published under an anonymous author and Shelley’s name did not appear on the novel until a second edition was released in 1823. Frankenstein was Shelley’s most famous work and it is said that the idea for the novel came to Shelley in a dream. In her dream Shelley observes a scientist piecing together parts of mans body, only to be horrified in the end by the unnaturalness of his creation. Frankenstein is considered the first work of science fiction and also a novel that contains ideas central to the Romanticist and Gothic movements (www.egs.edu). In Frankenstein, the main protagonist Victor Frankenstein is the embodiment of Shelley’s romanticist ideals. Victor’s ambition is to create a living, breathing being out of the innate materials in his laboratory. Victor reiterates his relenting passion for creating an artificial being by stating that no single person can â€Å"conceive the variety of feelings which bore me onwards, like a hurricane.† This statement shows that Victor wants to surpass his human limitations to create a new life form. Victor Frankenstein is considered a romantic character because he embodies the Romantic ideals of imagination and innovation. He is a dreamer, who is obsessed with impossible standards and ideals. In this sense, he embodies Romantic traits of unrelenting ambition and is therefore seen as one of the great Romantic characters. Ironically, in Victor’s passionate pursuit of perfection he creates a monster that is the embodiment of imperfection (Shelley). Other examples of Romantic themes in the novel appear when Shelley incorporates vivid descriptions of nature. Throughout the novel, Shelley uses lyrical language to describe the awesomeness of nature which is the backdrop of the story. Shelley’s characters recount their inner feelings and these inner feelings often mimic the state of nature around them. For example, the barren and icy descriptions of the land in which Walton forges into and where the monster ultimately retreats to emphasize the experiences of the monster who fights against the isolation he feels as a result of his monstrous form. The barren landscape can also mirror the isolation that Walton must have felt when he foolishly travels into this cold and foreboding land in the book’s opening scenes. Another example of nature mimicking feelings is the scene in which Victor awakes with much regret after creating his monster. He reflects that the morning is â€Å"dismal and wet† and he fears encountering the creature around every bend. Shelley keeps this common theme throughout the novel so that when the protagonist is scared or upset the weather conditions parallel what Victor is feeling or thinking (Shelley). With emphasis on nature and unrelenting passion, among many other Romantic themes in the novel, Mary Shelley allows her characters to express their deepest desires, even if those desires are seen as unattainable to the reader. These elements of descriptive nature, along with a myriad of emotions that are expressed by the characters help to solidify Frankenstein as one of the great Romantic novels of its time. Works Cited Brians, Paul. Romanticism. Romanticism. Washington State University, 11 Mar. 1998. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. Mary Shelley Biography. Mary Shelley. The European Graduate School, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2013 Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Maurice Hindle. Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus. London: Penguin, 2003. Print

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Logically, a contradiction consists of opposition between two conflicting ideas. Therefore, human contradiction would be opposing oneself to another person by saying or doing the opposite of whatever he or she says. A person should not say one thing and then turn around do another. Actions should be external representations of a person’s internal motives and be non-contradictory. Henrik Ibsen’s characters Aslaksen, Billing, Hovstad, Mayor Peter Stockmann and Morten Kiil are wonderful examples of human contradictions because they undergo complete identity reversals from which they start with. These five characters are special representatives of the community that are supposed to have the good of the community at heart. In reality, they use scientific and factual truth for personal gain and biased motives instead of the good of the community. There is a sense of diversity in the often contradictory motives that affect all human behavior. Ibsen came to change his technique of writing throughout his career from non-dramatic to dramatic. It would not be bad a contradiction, except for his reasoning behind it. He seems to change his writing with hope that a more dramatic technique might attract more people to his writings, enabling him to convey his thoughts and visions much more publically and in a more conventional manner. Unlike most authors that emphasized plot and intrigue at the time, Ibsen subtly inserted views contradictory to that of people at the time. He showed those contradictions of people in the ways in which they behaved and tried to think, especially in stressful situations like the ones that are created by Doctor Stockmann and other characters in Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People. The characters become inconsistent, m... ... does not have the community’s best interest at heart like he should. He offers Doctor Stockmann social and financial security as well as a short term exile if only the Doctor leaves the subject alone and retracts everything that he has said thus far. He also offers in return to the Doctor the ability to be reinstated at a later time. So really he has no change in heart, nor in contradiction since he suffers no change. In conclusion, each of these five characters that are somehow important to the community goes through a human contradiction or multiple ones. In comparison to Doctor Stockmann who remains steadfast in his ideals of ‘nothing but the truth is good enough,’ each of these characters has an ugly internal contradiction to what their external actions should be. Nothing is done for the good of the people, but what is good for each person’s individual gains.

Sustainability Through Dendro Powered Electricity Generation Environmental Sciences Essay

Long-run GHG and local pollutants decreaseThe undertaking will ensue in coevals of power of 14,000 MWh at an one-year 80 % works capacity use factor utilizing sustainably produced fuelwood. This will displace an tantamount volume of electricity that would otherwise be generated by dodo fuel based thermic power workss and fed into the Sri Lanka national grid. Harmonizing to the long- term coevals program of the CEB, electricity demand is turning at an mean one-year rate of 7 – 8 % . Due to societal, economic and environmental impacts associated with the development, farther development of large-scale hydro resources is going progressively hard. The CEB forecasts thermic power coevals capacity to increase its 2005 degree of 1266 MW to a mark degree of 4,230 MW in 2019. The bing thermic workss include gas turbines fuel oil fired reciprocating engines, and combined rhythm workss. The enlargement works prognosis includes gas turbines, combined rhythm workss, Diesel workss, furnace oil workss, and coal workss. Economic, societal, environmental and technological benefits Economic benefits The entree of electrification is tremendous difference in regional in the state. In the western state where about 90 per centum of family have entree to electricity while North cardinal state have entree to electricity about 65 per centum. In the Sabaragamuwa, Uwa, North Western and East between 40 to 50 per centum of families without entree to electricity. The entire figure of electrification of small town strategies was increased from 2115 to 14690 since 1980 and 1998. By 2015, the Government plans to provide electrification to about 100 per centum of the state ‘s small towns. Some 600 rural electrification strategies, covering eight states will supply electricity supply to about 112,500 extra families and other consumers, Some 600km of 33 kilovolts distribution lines will be supplied to beef up CEB ‘s bing webs in rural countries to cut down overloading and losingss on those lines. A scope of alternate energy beginnings ( solar, air current, mini-hydro and biomass ) wi ll besides be developed through community-based organisations and the private sector to spread out rural electricity entree, peculiarly in the more distant, dry zone parts. Where capital costs for rural electrification are prohibitory, crystalline subsidies will be provided, to spread out entree. Merely the agribusiness entirely would non be equal to increase incomes in the rural countries. There is discoursing facts that these rural households that gain the extreme portion of their income from off-farm income are cagey to work their manner out of poorness faster. Access of electricity is besides of import to any off farm activity. Electric illuming besides makes a important part to the quality and success of rural instruction. Economic benefits of the undertaking are discussed farther below. ( a ) Adequate electricity supply- In order for the national economic system to turn, adequate and dependable supply of electricity should be available at low-cost monetary values. Despite puting big amounts of borrowed money on the electricity sector for the past many old ages, our state is unable to run into the turning demand for electricity. Furthermore, our electricity monetary values are one of the highest in the part. These defects could be remedied if we could acquire our private sector to put on moderate graduated table decentralized power workss with autochthonal fuel supply. The survey carried out by the Ministry of Science and Technology with EU support reveals that over 4000 MW of biomass based electrical power could be generated by change overing the debauched fringy land available in the state. The proposed 2 MW works would turn out the commercial viability of this construct. ( B ) Organic nitrogen-bearing fertilizer- Nitrogenous chemical fertiliser such as urea had been extensively used in the agricultural sectors in Sri Lanka. The current one-year use is in the part of 0.4 million metric tons. The entire national demands of urea are imported at a cost of around US $ 50 million per twelvemonth. In the recent yesteryear, the monetary value of imported carbamide had been lifting steeply. In order to prolong the husbandman community and to guarantee equal supply of our basic nutrient, the authorities had been supplying some grade of subsidy for urea. At nowadays this has reached about a 3rd of the existent cost. Even with this heavy subsidy, paddy husbandmans are unable to do a populating out of rice cultivation. On the other manus, giver bureaus such as the World Bank/ IMF etc. have been exerting force per unit area through WTO on the authorities to minimise all signifiers of subsidies and let the market forces to find the optimal allotment of resources. As explained in Chapter 3, from a Gliricidia energy plantation, the mean output of wood per hectare per twelvemonth is 30 metric tons ( at 20 % wet ) and the corresponding output of fresh leaf is 26 metric tons. Systematic surveies carried out by the Coconut Research Institute had revealed that the application of 50 kilograms of fresh Gliricidia leaf for a coconut thenar provides the equivalent of N from 800 gms of urea [ †¦ .. ] . Furthermore the application of leaf improves the wellness of dirt by increasing the organic content in dirt. The aim of this undertaking is to show the commercialization of the construct of sustainable fuelwood production from Gliricidia energy plantations and the operation of an associated biomass power coevals installation. This 2 MW installation would necessitate the equivalent of 800 hour angle of Gliricidia plantations. Harmonizing to the survey conducted by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Land Use Policy Planning Division of the Ministry of Lands, the entire extent of debauched fringy land in the state is around 1.6 million hectares. This means that the entire potency of Gliricidia leaf production in the state is 1.6 ten 26 = 41.6 million metric tons yearly. This is tantamount to 0.67 million metric tons of carbamide. The states entire one-year use of carbamide is merely 0.4 million metric tons. The cautionary value of this is USD 96 million. This clearly shows the economic benefit of Gliricidia energy plantation to the agricultural sector. [ †¦ ] ( degree Celsius ) Increasing the capacity of national milk production- About 60 % of our national one-year demands of milk amounting to 500 million liters are imported at a cost of USD 125 million. One ground for our failure to bring forth our demand of milk is the deficiency of nitrogen-bearing fresh fish for our cowss. Though we have equal measures of carbonaceous fresh fish in the signifier of rice straw, nitrogen-bearing fresh fish is in short supply. Gliricidia leaf is an first-class nitrogen-bearing fresh fish. A 1-hectare plantation of Gliricidia would give 30 metric tons of wood and 26 metric tons of fresh leaf per twelvemonth. Along with 26 metric tons of rice straw, this measure of leaf is sufficient to feed 6 cattles. The one-year income from the sale of milk from 5 cattles would amount to USD 1,654 per twelvemonth. This construct of incorporating Gliricidia Energy Plantation with the rapid enlargement of dairy industry in Sri Lanka may non be realized in the short term. Equally far as this undertaking is concerned, it is expected that the pr esent cattle population of 84 cowss would be expanded to 500 within the undertaking boundary. Possibly this would move as a accelerator for other countries to follow suit. In the average clip excess leaf produced would be used as organic fertiliser. The 1.6 million hectares of debauched fringy land in our state could be used to bring forth the state ‘s full demands of milk. Droppings from the cattles could be used as organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser replacing urea as described in subdivision ( B ) above. It should be noted that the usage of leaf as fresh fish and the droppings as nitrogen-bearing fertiliser brings more benefits than straight utilizing the leaf as green organic fertiliser. Nitrogen in cow droppings is easy absorbed by workss therefore cut downing leaching and evaporative losingss. ( vitamin D ) Auxiliary harvests in the entree manner in energy plantations- As described in Chapter 3, an entree manner with a 4-meter breadth will be provided at 11-meter intervals in the energy plantations. This spread is provided to supply entree for tractors to roll up and transport the fuelwood harvested in the 11-meter broad strips of trees in the energy plantations. These spreads are used as entree manner merely one time in 6 to 8 months. These spreads besides function as limit of blocks to ease systematic harvest home. A major disadvantage of supplying this spread is it encourages the growing of weeds, peculiarly Guina A and B ( Panicum upper limit ) and Illuk ( Imperate cylindrica ) . One manner of minimising the growing of weeds and optimizing the land infinite in energy plantations is to turn short-run hard currency harvests in these spreads during the two short rainy seasons ( April to June and October to January ) . Crops such as corn, sorghum, benne, black-eyed pea, mung bean, black gm etc. are suited for short-run harvests. Gross from these hard currency harvests would better the economic viability and heighten the sustainability of the plantations. Leaf of Gliricidia subdivisions harvested could be used as organic fertiliser for the hard currency harvest. Gliricidia leaf has the undermentioned alimentary contents: 3 to 4.5 % N, 0.2 to 0.3 % P, 1.5 to 3.5 % K, 1 to 1.4 % Ca and 0.4 to 0.6 % Mg. Furthermore the debut leaf to the dirt increases the organic content and improves the dirt. ( vitamin E ) Conservation of foreign exchange- Ever since the state adopted an â€Å" unfastened economic † policy in 1977, the para value of Sri Lankan Rupee has been deprecating in an exponential mode. Figure 15 illustrates this characteristic.Start of Open EconomyFigure 15: Depreciation of SLR with regard to USD since the ‘open economic system ‘ [ †¦ ] The primary ground for this depreciation is that the demand for foreign currency is much higher than the supply of foreign currency. There are two ways of deciding this crisis. One is to increase the supply of foreign currency. That is by increasing exports and spread outing the services, which bring foreign exchange to the state ( such as touristry, foreign employment etc ) . The 2nd manner is to cut down imports. Unfortunately, since 1977, we have been following merely the first method. This has non resolved the crisis. Therefore, we need to follow the 2nd way every bit good. That is we should cut down foreign currency outgo. In other words, if we should try to bring forth locally whatever goods or services which can be produced locally at competitory cost instead than importing such merchandises at a higher cost. Electricity produced by IPPs is a authoritative illustration. For the twelvemonth 2004, the mean monetary value paid for imported fuel based electricity produced by IPPs was SLR 9.20 ( USD 0.0902 ) per kWh, whereas the monetary value paid for local resource based electricity for the same twelvemonth was merely SLR 5.49 ( USD 0.0538 ) per kWh. If the same mean monetary value is paid for both, the state could bring forth all the electricity demands from local resources. The entire foreign exchange demands to run into the expected thermal based electricity from imported dodo fuel, including the foreign capital, fuel, runing and foreign transmittal costs for the twelvemonth 2005 to 2015 ( based on US Cts 8/kWh ) are given in Table 04 below. It is of import to observe that by the twelvemonth 2015, the expected foreign exchange demands needed exceed the expected foreign exchange net incomes from traditional harvests – tea, gum elastic and coconut ( USD 1000 million ) . With such big demand for foreign exchange, and with the expected diminution in foreign exchange income from the local garment industry when the Multi-fibre Agreement comes into consequence in the twelvemonth 2005, the state of affairs would be wholly unwieldy. If we develop local biomass resources, these demands could be reduced to manageable degrees. Sri Lanka is wholly null of any proved militias of fossil fuels. All demands of crude oil fuels are imported from the Middle Eastern states. If we decide to import coal, so we would import it from Australia. Depending on imported fuels to run into most of our energy would put the state in a serious insecure place. Development of autochthonal resources would put the state in a unafraid place. 5.2.2 Social benefits The undertaking has a big constituent for community engagement throughout-grower system. Fuelwood harvested from sustainable energy plantations will be used as fuel for the power works. Fuel wood plantations will be managed both as a big graduated table plantations every bit good as small-scale husbandman out-grower system. The out-grower system will cut down the poorness degree in the part, so that the undertaking has societal benefits. A farmer household can gain sum SLR 25,000 per twelvemonth from a hectare of land from cultivating Gliricidia for fuel wood. If this wood could be cut into 50 to 100 millimeter pieces, so the income would increase to Rs. 45,000 per hectare, as the current sale monetary value of cut wood ready for gasification or direct eating to boilers is Rs. 1.50 per kilogram at the farm gate and Rs. 2.75 per kilogram at the energy transition Centres. The undertaking is be aftering to present an incorporate attack for fuel wood plantation, which include cowss farming utilizing leaf fresh fish, organic fertiliser utilizing waste, and outflowing fertiliser or biogas, and organic agribusiness merchandises. Farmers can gain around SLR 45,000 from selling 30 dozenss of fuel wood, SLR 7,350 from selling 32 dozenss of droppings as organic fertiliser and SLR 168,750 from selling 6750 liters of milk. Around 2000 households are expected to take part in the out-grower strategy so that their income will increase the undertaking besides provides regular day-to-day emplacement for around 50 people throughout the twelvemonth in the fuel wood aggregation and transit activities. in the fuelwood aggregation and transit activities. In add-on to this, during the building phase, a big figure of skilled and unskilled workers will be hired from the local countries. Over 50 % of the employees are likely to be hired from the nearby communities. Additional roads will be built by the company to entree the human dynamo and the plantations. These roads are available for usage by the local people and in some instances will supply motorable entree to their places where there were merely footpaths earlier. The undertaking is expected to supply the undermentioned societal benefits. ( a ) Supplying employment for rural hapless – The Government of Sri Lanka yearly spends SLR 8,500 1000000s ( USD 83 million ) on poorness relief on the about 25 % of the entire population. Over halve of the entire population in the state are populating in the rural countries. Most of them are engaged in agricultural activity. Despite the huge sum of money spent in many agricultural development undertakings such as the Mahaweli Project, the farming community in the state is populating at subsistence degree. Most of the husbandmans are engaged in paddy cultivation. This provides merely intermittent employment chance, numbering 5 to 6 months in a twelvemonth. During the balance 6 to 7 months, these workers look for alternate employment. Many of them are tempted to acquire involved in illegal activities. The proposed method of sporadically reaping mature subdivisions and utilizing the wood as fuel for electricity coevals and the leaf as fresh fish and organic fertiliser would ( a ) provide employment chance during the slack periods and ( B ) increases the one-year income well for the husbandmans in the dry zones. The constitution of plantations and periodical harvest home provides around 30,000 man-days of work yearly for each MW of power works, averaging 76 man-days per hectare. Assuming a household is entrusted with 1 hour angle of plantation and provided with 6 cattles, the one-year income for this household is as follows: Income from wood ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 45,000 ( USD 441 ) Income from milk ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 168,750 ( USD 1,654 ) Income from droppings ( SLR/ha/y ) : SLR 7350 ( USD 72 ) Entire SLR.221,100 ( USD2,168 ) A household is expected to give merely 76 man-days of work per twelvemonth on these activities. Rest of the clip could be devoted to traditional rice cultivation. ( B ) Nutrition for children- It has been found that most of the rural kids are enduring of malnutrition. The production of milk in each family would ensue in deciding this crisis. The undertaking is expected to better the quality of the rural hapless through increased income, which will further ease the obliteration of child malnutrition. ( degree Celsius ) Electrification of villages- The Government of Sri Lanka has revealed that merely 80 % of the families in the state would be connected to the national electricity grid. The balance 20 % of the population amounting to over 1 million is to be provided with off-grid system. The World Bank funded Renewable Energy for Rural Economic Development ( RERED ) plan is expected to cover approximately 5 % of this 1 million families. The proposal to set up biomass based power coevals undertakings in rural countries would widen the national electricity grid to countries, which would non hold otherwise been reached. Besides the debut of this engineering would excite the constitution of biomass based off-grid systems to supply electricity to rural communities. ( vitamin D ) Cleaner fuel for rural household- The debut of 6 cattles per family would promote the use of biogas systems to these families. Biogas therefore produced could be used for cookery or for electricity coevals in stray single families. The usage of biogas for cooking would ensue in the wellness of the household vastly as it would extinguish fume from traditional wood ranges. 5.2.3 Environmental benefits There are no issues related to pollution as a consequence of this undertaking. Fuelwood plantations will be established in under-utilised lands. This in fact will be a solution for the land debasement job of the state. Fuelwood plantation will back up to keep ecological balance in the part. Most of the debauched lands are in close propinquity to the rice Paddy Fieldss. The paddy Fieldss constitute the low-lying lands the debauched shifting cultivated lands constitute the high-lying lands. Normally, shortly after the harvest home of rice Paddy, the husbandmans cultivate the high-land country by the â€Å" Slash & A ; Burn/ Shifting Cultivation † method. By presenting Gliricidia as an energy plantation harvest, these husbandmans could change over these debauched lands into a sustainable and perennial harvest land. There will be no demand for firing or switching activities. Though non advocated in this undertaking, â€Å" Alley Cropping † system with Giricidia and chash ha rvests like maize has been demonstrated in Sri Lanka. In this system, Gliricidia ( or Leucena ) trees are planted in rows with a spacing of 0.5 metres within the rows and 2 to 3 metres between rows. These lines of trees lie in the East – West way ( along the way of the Sun ) . At the terminal of the monsoon rains in January, the side subdivisions of Gliricidia trees are cut go forthing the chief root integral. In between the lines of Gliricidia trees, short-run hard currency harvest such as maize is planted. In three months the maize would maturate and would be ready for crop. Gliricidia trees are allowed to turn and the subdivisions harvest at the terminal of the following monsoon season in January following twelvemonth. This manner, the husbandmans could acquire a significant income from three beginnings: ( 1 ) Traditional paddy cultivation in the low-lying lands ; ( 2 ) Short-run hard currency harvests: ( 3 ) Perennial Gliricidia brush wood and leaf. Environmental benefits of the undertaking are discussed below: ( a ) Suspension of emanations of GHG and other pollutants – Sri Lanka has ratified the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol. Therefore, we have a moral duty to cut down emanations of GHGs. The ‘Business As Usual ‘ option adopted by contrivers depends to a great extent on coal as the major fuel in run intoing our hereafter electricity demand. Figure 16 illustrates the fuel demands for electricity coevals harmonizing to BAU scenario.CoalOilFigure 16: Fuel demands for electricity coevals: BAU scenario Table 05 gives the CO2 and other pollutant emanations of power coevals under this scenario. This is illustrated in Figure 17. The estimated baseline emanation of particulates, SOX, NOX and CO2 are given in the tabular array 05. This undertaking will displace the tantamount sum of CO2 and SOX about in its entireness and to great extent of NOX and particulates. Figure 17: Tendencies of baseline emanation from electricity coevals As illustrated in Figure17, the emanations of GHG from the power sector will increase bit by bit while the particulate affair emanation will worsen if the baseline scenario continues. Harmonizing to the public-service corporation ( CEB ) , the largest beginning of particulates are IC engines used with furnace oil or residuary oil. With the debut of coal based power workss, the reciprocating workss would be phased out. Coal power workss will be provided with electrostatic precipitators and bag filters etc. to minimise particulate emanation. Hence, CEB expects the particulate emanation degrees to drop over the old ages. The proposed 2MW power works based on sustainable supply of fuelwood from SRC Gliricidia plantations would ensue in zero CO2 emanation, therefore dramatically bettering the emanation degrees. The undertaking besides expects to command other pollutants such as SOX, NOX and particulate affair. The proposed method of electricity coevals is an alternate to the dodo fuel bas ed electricity coevals soon practiced and planned for future enlargement. Fossil fuels such as oil and coal would non merely breathe C dioxide, they besides emit big measures of sulfur dioxide and oxides of N. Sulphur and nitrogen content of woody biomass are undistinguished compared to those present in fossil fuels. All ash produced in the procedure will be returned to the plantation country and will be applied as organic fertiliser. Thus the bottom ash disposal jobs encountered in coal based power coevals would non be encountered in the proposed method. The proposed system eliminates most of the environmental jobs encountered in dodo fuel based power coevals methods. The impact of the proposed 2 MW biomass power works on the national emanation degree would no uncertainty be really undistinguished. But the possible in Sri Lanka for sustainable biomass based electricity coevals is really big. There are over 1.6 million hour angle of debauched land available for sustainable energy plantations. This would be adequate to bring forth 4000 MW of electricity with an one-year end product of 28,000 GWh. Our hydropower potency is around 6000 GWh per twelvemonth. Hence biomass plus hydro we have a potency of 34,000 GWh per twelvemonth. Our present demand for electricity is 8000 GWh/ twelvemonth. Even at 8 % steady growing, we could bring forth all our electricity ( without any fossil fuels ) for many 20 more old ages to come. By that clip there would be many renewable engineerings which are commercially feasible. Furthermore, Gliricidia plantations from the 1.6 million hour angle of debauched land would bring forth 42 million metric tons of leaf. This together with the rice straw soon incinerated in the Paddy Fieldss could be used to bring forth biogas. This could be used as conveyance fuel ( like in Sweden in Switzerland ) . This would extinguish the emanations from the conveyance sector. ( B ) Change by reversaling land degradation- About a 3rd of the land countries of the state amounting to approximately 1.6 to 2.0 million hectares are in a debauched province. These extents of land were productive dry zone forests a few hundred old ages ago. The primary ground for debasement had been unsustainable pattern of cut and burn signifier of switching cultivation adopted by coevalss of subsistence agriculture in these countries. Most of these countries receive an one-year rainfall of about 1250 millimeter. Most of this rainfall is received during the monsoon months of October to December. Agricultural activity could be practiced merely during this monsoon period. Consecutive cut and burn system of agribusiness with unequal fallow period to recover birthrate has resulted in debasement of these lands. Locations of these lands are given in Figure 18 below. Figure 18: Locations of debauched fringy land As the pattern of cut and burn signifier of agribusiness is still go oning in these countries, the extent of these lands is bit by bit increasing. Furthermore, the grade of debasement is besides on the addition due to firing followed by dirt eroding. The procedure of desertification has already started in some of these countries. Unless remedial methods are taken, these lands will stop up as comeuppances. One possible manner of reconstructing the initial position of these lands is to present some tree screen with lasting closed canopy. The proposed method of seting N repairing Gliricidia trees at a spacing of 1 metre by 1 metre and periodical harvest home of selected mature subdivisions go forthing the chief root and the stamp subdivisions integral would be a satisfactory method of up-grading this land. As ash from the burning of wood would be returned to the dirt, dirt foods will be sustained. ( degree Celsius ) Renewable energy beginning and C sink – The proposed method of seting N repairing Gliricidia trees at a spacing of 1 metre by 1 metre and periodical harvest home of selected mature subdivisions go forthing the chief root and the stamp subdivisions in tact would ensue in prolonging the C balance in the system. In the land readying stage, merely the weedy biomass would be removed. All productive bing tree harvests would be retained till they reach their economic life. ( vitamin D ) Organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser to replace chemical urea fertilizer- As mentioned in subdivision ( B ) , the proposed method besides produces big measures of organic nitrogen-bearing fertilisers, replacing chemical urea fertiliser manufactured from fossil fuels. Apart from extinguishing the tantamount sum of C dioxide emanation, the usage of organic nitrogen-bearing fertiliser increases the organic content of the dirt therefore heightening the environmental impact. 5.2.4 Technological benefits The new engineerings expected to be introduced by the undertaking include the followers: ( a ) Biomass production engineering – As mentioned earlier in Chapter 3 â€Å" Modern method of fuelwood production † , bio fuel for the proposed power works will be produced in Short Rotation Coppice plantation utilizing modern methods. This engineering, though introduced to the state late, it has non yet been practised in commercial graduated table operation. The debut of 2000 hectares of SRC plantations utilizing this modern method would transform the full dry zone country into a healthy, sustainable and profitable zone. The undermentioned characteristics of biomass fuel production are described in Annex A Land Preparation Planting Materials Constitution of Plantations Care of Plantations Harvesting, roll uping and transporting of wood ( B ) Biomass energy transition technology- Apart from a few sugar Millss, a freshly introduced presentation unit and a power undertaking under building, there are no commercial graduated table bio fuel based electricity bring forthing installations in Sri Lanka. Furthermore, the Sugar industries use merely the waste baggase as fuel utilizing crude inactive grating burning systems. The freshly introduced presentation unit consist of a biomass down bill of exchange gasifier with H2O scrubber/ gas ice chest and a spark-ignition based IC engine-generator with an end product of 35 kilowatt. This is installed in a distant rural are to supply electricity to 100 families. The other works is a 1 MW power works with boiler-steam turbine system. The proposed power works will utilize Circulating Fluidised Bed burning system with high force per unit area and high temperature steam coevals. These factors will well better the steam use efficiency, therefore cut downing the operational cost, peculiarly, if the cost of fuel constitutes a important portion in the concluding cost of electricity. Furthermore, the improved burning system would cut down the emanation degree. Features of electricity coevals are discussed below. The alternator of the system is designed for 3200 kVA with a power factor of 0.8. This power end product would be 2.56 MW. But with parasitic burden, the expected net end product is 2 MW. Fuel treatment- Fuel wood from the plantations would get in dawdlers. These would be weighed and moisture degree determined by portable wet metres. These will be stacked in the storage country in the power station. Fuel wood from the storage pace would be removed on a ‘first-in-first-out ‘ footing. These would be chipped to allow size ( for fluidised burning ) and stored in a hopper. Flue gas from the boiler would be assorted with ambient air and would be used to dry the wood french friess to the coveted wet degree for burning. Combustion system and boiler- The steam generator shall be of natural circulation, balanced draft, and fluidised bed burning ( FBC ) type, designed for firing wood french friess. The capacity of boiler is about 35 TPH on maximal uninterrupted footing at approximately 60kg/cm2 ( g. ) operating force per unit area and about 490oC temperature. The economizer subdivision of the boiler shall be of nonaˆ‘steaming type. Super warmer subdivision shall be designed so as to keep rated steam temperature of about 490oC at mercantile establishment over the control scope of 60 % to 100 % MCR burden. A steam de-superheating station with proviso for spray H2O tapped off from feed H2O discharge shrieking shall be provided. Air pre-heaters of cannular type shall be provided for steam temperature control. The AFBC shall dwell of in-bed / above-bed ace warmer subdivisions, bed evaporator, H2O walls/refractory walls, economiser and air preaˆ‘heater. The boiler shall be equipped with a suited fuel fire system. The complete boiler shall be bottom-supported type and be provided with all back uping steel platform, galleries, staircases for easy attack and care of the units. Adequate conditions protection shall be provided for instruments and runing forces. Necessary liner and insularity along with repairing stuffs to restrict outside surface temperature to a safe degree shall be provided. Monorails and hoists required for managing motors, fans shall be provided. A trim boiler provender pump shall be provided. Turbine- The turbine shall be of Multistage, Nozzle governed, Horizontal spindle, two bearings, Impulse type with hydraulicly operated halt and exigency valve and built-in steam strainer, hydraulicly operated Throttle/ Regulating valves shall be used as the chief power coevals equipment. Turbine steam recess conditions will be maximal uninterrupted footing at approximately 60kg/cm2 ( g. ) operating force per unit area and about 490oC temperature. The exhaust force per unit area shall be about 0.1 saloon ( a ) . Condenser- The capacitor shall be of shell and tubing building, horizontal, divided H2O box with built-in hot good. Cooling tower- The chilling tower shall be of forced-draft type with concrete building and aggregation pool. Alternator- The alternator shall be an AC synchronal generator with 3200kVA, 3.3kV, 50Hz, 3-phase, 4-wire system coupled to the steam turbine through a velocity decrease gearbox complete with following ( a ) Brush less exciter ( B ) Twin bearings ( degree Celsius ) AVR and excitement panel ( vitamin D ) Antiaˆ‘condensation warmers ( vitamin E ) VARs control Auxiliaries- The undermentioned aides shall be provided: ( a ) Auxiliaries for generator protection and control panel ( B ) Generator ledgeman ( degree Celsius ) Battery with care tools ( vitamin D ) Battery courser and DC distribution panel. ( vitamin E ) Standby Generator for ‘Black Start ‘ . Fuel feed system- The fuel provender system shall dwell of a chipper, a drier using energy in boiler fluke gas, a mechanical/ pneumatic conveyance system directed into the burning chamber of the boiler. The fuel shall be stored in the storage country and fed manually in to the splintering machine. Ash remotion disposal- Ash shall be collected at the underside of the ash aggregation system. The disposal shall be done manually by opening the ash disposal door and collected in an ash cavity. Manual disposal is required thenceforth. The ash can be used as a fertiliser for the plantations. Features of fuelwood samples collected in the undertaking country have been analysed. Consequences obtained are as follows: Other impacts of the undertaking Positive impacts This undertaking will be an illustration for an attempt to advance sustainable biomass energy based electricity coevals with community engagement. Experience of this undertaking could be shared at national, regional and planetary degrees. Negative impacts One of the negative impacts of the undertaking would be the force per unit area on demand for land in the hereafter. If this undertaking is successful, many similar undertakings will be established throughout the state. This will negatively act upon other land usage options, such as agribusiness and small town enlargement etc.

Resistance to change

Livingston 1 Ajax Minerals – Resistance to Change Resistance to change has been renowned as an organizational challenge; however, a comprehensive understanding of the different ways that resistance can be manifested is commonly practiced and highly beneficial to companies. A U. S. mining company, Ajax Minerals realized Just how beneficial it is to understand the components of how changes affect all branches of their company. Ajax Minerals recognized their organization was operating at full capacity and in the next couple years were going to have major competitive threats from another company.If the matters of the future challenges that Ajax Minerals were anticipating weren't addressed and handled appropriately, the organization would be expecting to experience grave danger. What it all boils down to are the issues concerning how Ajax Mineral organization would react regarding resistance of changes that would ensure competitiveness and livelihood for the company. If this subjec t matter about how employees and management adapt to change weren't predicted and then addressed, Ajax Minerals future looked bleak. Ajax Minerals introduced a couple of sources relative to ensure the lively-hood Resistance to change This prevailing viewpoint inherently makes It easy o slip Into an Interpretation of resistance as dysfunctional for organizational learning. This essay contends that this dominant perception Is largely a result of an assumption favoring the management or change agent as rational, and the consequential treatment of resistant behaviors as irrational. The aim of this article, then, is to offer a recapitulation's of resistance beyond the contextual confines of change, and explore its functional roles, particularly in stimulating organizational learning. Firstly, the conceptualizations of resistance and organizational learning will be explored.In particular, due to the aim to explore the fundamental features of resistance beyond the organizational literature and the overwhelming diversity of the conceptualization, this essay will draw on the work of Hollander and Nowhere (2004), who have conducted a comprehensive review and analysis of resistance based on a large number of published work on the topic. Then, Jots and Barber's (2003) pain metaphor and Wick's (2003) assertions on the importance of moments of interruptions will be employed to show how resistance can be seen as a resource that acts to signal that something Is going wrong and needs rectification.It will be further argued that, by triggering awareness and directing attention to a problem, resistance acts to call for evaluation of and reflection on the situation, hence stimulating organizational learning. Finally, recognizing that possible limitations to the functional effects of resistance cannot go unaddressed, the last section discusses several variables that can potentially limit the capacity of resistance In stimulating organizational learning.Therefore, the central argument of this article Is as follows: Re-conceptualizing resistance as a resource rather than as a deficit sheds light on Its national potentials. In view of its fundamental features, resistance does have the potential to stimulate organi zational learning. However, whether or not this translates to reality remains dependent on a wide range of variables surrounding the organization concerned.Conceptualizing Resistance Despite a surge in studies on resistance In the past few decades, resistance remains a theoretically eclectic concept (Numb, 2005). As Hollander and Londoner (2004) claim, the concept of resistance is still unfocused and vague. Due to the lack of a clear and systematic definition, there is little consensus on what constitutes assistance, and the language of resistance has in fact been used in research to describe vastly different phenomena on a range of different dimensions (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004) .In terms of Its dimension and scope, resistance can describe actions occurring at the Individual, collective or Institutional level (Hollander & groups to work conditions to organizational or social structures (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). In addition, resistance can take different directions or goals, and can be aimed at achieving change or curtailing change (Mulling, 1999). Resistance can also manifest in various modes. Among the diverse array of literature on resistance, the most frequently studied mode of resistance is one which involves physical bodies or material objects in acts of resistance (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004).This can refer to formal, collective and overt actions such as protests and formation of unions Capper, 1997, as cited in Hollander & Nowhere, 2004), as well as informal, routine and covert individual actions such as feigning sickness and pilfering (Parkas & Parkas, 2000; Scott, 1985) . Apart from the physical and material mode, resistance can also take place in various other forms. For example, resistance can be accomplished through symbolic behaviors such as silence (Pickering, 2000, as cited in Hollander & Nowhere, 2004) or breaking silence (Hughes et al, 1995, as cited in Hollander & Nowhere, 2004).From their review and analysis of the conception of resistan ce based on published work on resistance in the social sciences, Hollander and Nowhere (2004) proposes a seven part typology of resistance that includes: overt resistance, covert resistance, unwitting resistance, target- defined resistance, externally defined resistance, missed resistance and attempted resistance, each offering in the levels of resistor's intention, target's recognition as resistance, and other observer's (such as a researcher or other third party) recognition as resistance.Among these, overt resistance, one which is intended to be visible and which is readily recognized as resistance by targets and other observers, is the most widely accepted and recognized form of resistance and is the core of the conceptualization of resistance (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). On the other hand, covert resistance, which is conceptually similar to everyday resistance (Scott, 1985) and routine assistance (Parkas & Parkas, 2000) are both intentional and observable, but may not necessari ly be recognized by the target as resistance. These two forms of resistance will form the basis of the conceptualization adopted in this essay.Amid the vast conceptual differences, however, Hollander and Nowhere (2004) identify two core elements that are consistent across all conceptualizations of resistance: action and opposition. Generally accepted as a key component of resistance, action may involve conscious, active and expressive behavior and can emerge either at the verbal, cognitive or physical level (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). In addition, as reflected by some terms commonly used to describe resistance- contradiction, tension, rejection, challenge, disruption and conflict (Albert, 1991; Hollander & Nowhere, 2004), resistance always involves some form of opposition.Bauer (1991), however, draws a distinction between resistance and opposition in his definition of resistance in the context of resistance to change in organizations. According to Bauer (1991), resistance is an exp ression of conflict of interest, values, goals, or means to ends which is unanticipated by the change agent, and which transforms into opposition only after being institutionalized through formal channels of expression. As the overwhelmingly diverse nature of the conception implies, pinning down a definitive conception of resistance in organizations is unfeasible.Therefore, for the purpose of this essay, the notion of resistance will draw on Barber's (1991) definition of resistance This conceptualization will, however, extend beyond Barber's (1991) definition to include acts of opposition such as every day, routine resistance, which may not have been institutionalized through formal channels. Further assumptions are that these acts are visible, observable, and arise from conscious oppositional intentions. In other words, the forms of resistance discussed in this essay will focus on what Hollander and Nowhere (2004) term as overt resistance and covert resistance.To sum up, resistance will be conceptualized as: Unanticipated oppositional action arising from a conflict of interest, values, goals or means of achieving a goal, expressed with conscious oppositional intention and in forms that are observable. Conceptualizing Organizational Learning In a fashion very similar to that of assistance, the concept of organizational learning is still a vastly multi-dimensional, diverse and fragmented area with little convergence despite a proliferation of research since the sass (Wang & Aimed, 2002).Organizational learning, in the simplest sense, refers to a change in organizational knowledge (Schulz, 2002). It involves acquisition of new knowledge (Miller, 1996) by means of added, transformed or reduced knowledge (Schulz, 2002). Essentially a multilevel phenomenon, organizational learning encompasses learning at the individual, group/team and organizational level Cost & Bauer, 2003; Lima, Laughingstock, & Chant, 2006; Marauded, 1995).While it is commonly acknowledged that all learning starts with individual learning, and that individual and group learning have positive effects on organizational learning (Lima et al, 2006), the notion of what really constitutes organizational learning remains excessively broad, diverse and controversial (Wang & Aimed, 2003). This essay adopts the perspective proposed by Baleen (2000) and Jots and Bauer (2003) that learning at the organizational level involves consolidation of knowledge generated from the individual and group level which leads to changes in airmailed procedures within an organization.Formal procedures refer to ‘a set of explicit constraints within which organizational activities unfold' (March, Schulz and Chou, 2000, as cited in Jots and Bauer, 2003, p. 29). As Baleen (2000) notes, organizational learning is a realignment of the organization through reinvention of organizational settings, in which ‘new missions are formulated, new plans and goals are set, structures are redesigned, processe s are reengineering and improved, strategic beliefs are modified, and the operational causal map is altered (p. 92). This conceptualization of learning can also be associated with Argils and Scion's (1996) notion of double-loop learning, the form of learning which occurs when errors are detected and corrected in ways that involve the modification of an organization's underlying norms, policies and objectives. Organizational learning can thus denote phenomena such as changes in formal written rules or employees' collective habits Cost & Bauer, 2003).Resistance and Organizational Learning Resistance in organizations usually emerges in two opposite directions, either for the purpose of existing existing structures or to resisting change initiatives (Mulling, 1999). Yet, the dominant perception of resistance that permeates management wisdom is arguably rooted in studies of the latter. In fact, most studies on resistance to change rest on the widely held and accepted assumption that peop le resist change and this is an issue management has to overcome (Dent & Goldberg, 1999). In addition, change is subordinates (Dent & Goldberg, 1999).This results in a bias that favors the change agent as rational and objective, and treats resistant practices as inappropriate (Dent Goldberg, 1999; Jots & Bauer, 2003), irrational and dysfunctional behavior that has to be overcome if effective and lasting change is to be achieved (Collisions & Cracked, 2006; Ford, Ford, & Diadem's, 2008). Many studies have set out to explore the causes of resistance to change and subsequently offer strategies to overcome resistance (Examples? ). Yet, most do not in fact offer ways to overcome resistance per SE, but instead suggest strategies for preventing or minimizing resistance (Dent & Goldberg, 1999).Rather than offering solutions, these approaches arguably further perpetuate he view that resistance is dysfunctional and should be avoided altogether. This perception carries particularly significant implications for an era in which managing change and learning is seen as the key tasks of organizational leaders (Marauded, 1995), as indirectly prescribes a negative association between resistance and learning. In today's highly turbulent and competitive business environment, the capacity to learn at the organizational level is highly valued and widely regarded as a viable survival strategy (Broadband, McGill, & Beech, 2002; Lima et al. 2006). At the earth of this, then, is the ultimate desired outcome of organizational learning- the flexibility and ability to adapt and cope in rapidly changing environments (Broadband et al. , 2002; Catcher- Greenfield & Ford, 2005). Hence, a key challenge for organizational leaders is to maximize organizational learning in order to develop an organization that has the capacity to recognize, react, enact appropriate responses, and adapt to environmental changes (Alas & Shrill, 2002; Broadband et al. , 2002). Such capacities are inevitably embedded in an organization's knowledge base (Alas & Shrill, 2002).In view of this, the perception that resistance to change is dysfunctional for organizational learning lies in the fact that in the context of change in which employees are expected to learn and adopt new skills or behavior, resistance is seen as a refusal to learn and consequently translated to signify disruption to the change process (Alas & Shrill, 2002). However, looking beyond resistance to change to studies on other kinds of resistance, one can see that resistance can in fact be viewed in a more positive light than in the context of resistance to change.In the context of everyday, routine resistance to existing oracle conditions, for example, studies have found acts of resistance to be strategies that can stimulate structural (Parkas & Parkas, 2000) or even revolutionary (Scott, 1989) change. Therefore, what is needed is an exploration of the issue beyond the confines of perspectives on resistance to change. We should look beyond the context of resistance to organizational change efforts, and explore resistance in a more general sense, based on the fundamental characteristics of various kinds of resistance that typically manifest in organizations, regardless of the goals or directions.In fact, whether aimed at resisting or instigating change, resistance in organizations can manifest in very similar ways, from more overt forms of resistance such protests or more subtle forms of resistance such as foot dragging, false compliance, pilfering, feigned ignorance, slander, intentional carelessness, feigned sickness, absenteeism, sabotage, among others (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004; Mulling, 1999; Parkas & Parkas; 2000, Scott, 1989).Exploring the fundamental phenomenon without the constrictions of a preconception or underlying assumption, which will also enable us to better explore the functionality of resistance in organizations, and how it may, in fact, stimulate organizational learning. Re- conceptualizi ng the Role of Resistance in Organizational Learning Following the preceding proposal, it is necessary to recapitulation resistance not as a dysfunctional phenomenon, but as a resource that, if recognized and utilized appropriately, can produce positive effects for the organization.In fact, some scholars have already suggested that we look beyond overcoming resistance and instead focus on discerning the source of resistance and treat it as a signal that something is going wrong in the organization (Lawrence, 1954; Sense, 1997). Jots and Bauer (2003) further extend this idea with the pain metaphor to show the diagnostic potential of resistance, and proposed a shift of attention from the causes to the effects of resistance. Drawing on a functional analogy to acute pain in the human body system, they suggest that resistance plays the same role within an organization as pain does in the human body.Just like how pain functions as a signal for the body, resistance functions as a feedback loop for management, by means of an alarm signaling that problems exist and should be looked into and acted on to prevent further damage Cost & Bauer, 2003). This is can be further illustrated by a predictable cycle of events that follows the experience of acute pain in the human system. When pain occurs, it shifts attention to the source of pain, enhances the person's body image and self- reflective thinking processes, interrupts present activity and brings it under evaluation, and stimulates a new, altered course of action (Wall, 1979).Jots and Bauer (2003) argue that even though acute pain may initially disrupt and delay ongoing activities, its functions in prompting internal attention, indicating the location and hypes of problem, and stimulating reflection render it an important resource that can be crucial for survival. Transferring the same diagnostic functions of pain to resistance, resistance can be seen as a functional resource for an organization to diagnose and rectify c urrent activities that are potentially damaging Cost & Bauer, 2003).Like a person who is unable to experience pain, an organization that is not capable of detecting resistance, or as Jots and Bauer (2003) label, ‘functional collective pain' (p 1 1), will be disadvantaged through its inability to detect threats to survival. More specifically, when resistance occurs, whether it is aimed at resisting change initiatives or resisting existing (everyday) conditions in the organization, it is an indication that changes are needed.Regardless of the context or situation that triggers resistance, it fundamentally signifies an existence of tension and conflict of interests in the current state of affairs, implying that things are far from ideal and that there are areas that could and should be investigated and rectified. Envisage two distinct approaches to such a situation: one organization disregards signs of assistance or suppresses the acts of resistance while another organization tak es time and effort to diagnose, reflect and identify necessary changes to make.The latter will arguably be better off in the long run because it has had the avenue to identify and rectify its problems, including any possible latent issues or conflicts that had initially caused resistance. In the former organization, however, problems will remain, if not have effects on the organization, regardless of whether it was perceived to be so. Hence, employing Jots and Bauer (2003)g's pain metaphor, it can be argued that in tuitions of pain/resistance, the intuitive tendency is to approach it in ways similar to those suggested in the cycle of events proposed by Wall (1979).In this sense, resistance does not only stimulate reflection, but is itself a resource for reflection. Therefore, as will be discussed later, resistance can be particularly useful in stimulating a specific kind of learning, reflective learning, in organizations. In addition to Jots and Barber's (2003) pain metaphor, an alt ernative way to highlight the potential function of resistance is to understand it within the framework of Heidegger (1962, s cited in Wick, 2003) three modes of engagement.Drawing on these three modes of engagement, Wick (2003) describes three modes of engagement in the organizational context- the ready-to-hand mode, the unready-to-hand mode and the present-at-hand mode, to explore the disconnections between organizational practices and theories, from which he emphasizes the function of the unready-to- hand mode of engagement in bridging the gap between theory and practice. The unready-to-hand mode refers to moments when an ongoing activity is interrupted and when problematic aspects that caused the interruption become salient (Wick, 003).In other words, unready-to-hand mode denotes moments of interruption in organizational processes or activities. According to Wick (2003), such moments interrupt the relevant actors of the organization, prompting them to take efforts to make sense of the interruption. Because a moment of interruption causes partial detachment from the organizational activity and makes the activity more visible, it is an opportunity to get a richer and clearer glimpse of the picture, to reflect, and to gain a better understanding of the issues concerned (Wick, 2003).It is during these moments when relevancies that have previously gone unnoticed can be discovered (Wick, 2003). Therefore, being such a rich resource, the potential illumination that interruptions of organizational activities can offer should not be overlooked. For it's many similar characteristics to moments of interruptions as illustrated by Wick (2003), resistance could be seen in the same light as the unready-to-hand mode of engagement. In many ways, resistance is parallel to a scenario of the unready-to hand mode as resistance is fundamentally a form of interruption to ongoing organizational activities or processes.Therefore, drawing on Wick's (2003) viewpoint and placing resi stance within this framework, we can, again, see resistance as a resource that makes underlying problems visible and allows the organization to reflect and discover issues or problems that would otherwise remain invisible. Both Jots and Bauer (2003) and Wick's (2003) propositions highlight the potential diagnostic function of resistance in stimulating awareness and directing attention to a possibly malfunctioning area within the organization, which inherently links to its function as a useful resource in stimulating reflection and learning.The following section, then, will focus on reflective learning, and illustrate how resistance can function as a resource that stimulates reflective learning at the organizational level. Resistance as a Resource: How resistance cans Stimulate Learning Reflective learning refers to ‘the process of internally examining and exploring an issue of concern, triggered by an experience, which creates and clarifies meaning in 1983, p. 99)'. In short, reflection is the key to learning from experience.A key human mechanism for making sense of and learning from experiences (Boyd & False, 1983) affliction has traditionally been seen as an individual phenomenon (Essence & Termed, 2007). Now, however, there is increasing recognition of the rationale of reflection for work at the organizational level (Essence & Termed, 2007). In the organizational context, reflective learning refers to a communal process of reflection of an experience or issue which requires critical examination and reconstruction of meanings (Essence & Termed, 2007).Semester and Termed (2007) argue that this is an important process for organizations because experience is both the dominating feature and resource in work and organizations. Therefore, capitalizing on experience and learning from it is intrinsically linked to the survival of organizations. Yet, reflective learning does not take place voluntarily and naturally. Because of the human tendency to reduce cogni tive dissonance, we tend to adopt strategies to avoid perceiving information that contradicts our perceptions and beliefs (Markus & Cajon, 1985, as cited in Essence & Tamer, 2007).Essence and Tamer (2007) claim that, for this reason, reflection only occurs in dynamic situations and does not generally arise during stagnant situations. In other words, reflection needs to be provoked by uncertain or ambiguous situations in which ‘customary meanings are no longer satisfactory' (Chon, 1983; Rogers, 2001; Wick et al, 2005, as cited in Essence and Tamer, 2007, p. 233). At this point, the logic of bringing in resistance, as an example of such situations is clear, as resistance arguably fits the depiction and shares many parallels with situations of uncertainty and ambiguity.To different extents, all these situations can be seen as forms of unanticipated and undesirable interruptions to ongoing organizational activities which require deeper reflection and understanding. Therefore, in v iew of the nature of resistance and situations that trigger a ‘felt need' for reflection, it can be argued that resistance can in effect function to stimulate reflective learning in organizations. Existing studies showing how resistance leads to change can serve to support the proposition that resistance stimulates organizational learning.While there is a dearth of studies within the organizational literature exploring the direct links between resistance and learning, the relationship can in fact be understood in relation to the connection between resistance and change, as he central aim of organizational learning is the capacity to change in order to cope and survive (Alas & Shrill, 2002). In view of the central aim of organizational learning, some connections with resistance become apparent because dealing with resistance is fundamentally about coping.An organization that is able deal with resistance in a functional way and utilize resistance to its benefits will arguably ha ve a greater capacity to cope and survive in unpredictable situations because ultimately, whether dealing with resistance or with other internal or external predicaments requires the name set of capabilities: the ability to recognize, react and enact appropriate responses. As an example of how resistance can instigate changes, Scott (1989) has reported that routine forms of covert resistance, displayed through actions such as foot-dragging, pilfering, feigned ignorance and sabotage could have revolutionary capacity.In addition, Parkas and Parade's (2000) study of technological change in a health maintenance organization has shown that although informal resistance was effects, resistance, in general, has been observed to produce the following effects: firm the resisters' self identities, rouse renegotiation of roles and relationships, trigger reinterpretation of the dominant managerial discourses, and challenge managerial control, albeit to different extents.The central fact is that resistance Jolted managers and supervisors out of their habitual modes of taking employees for granted' (Parkas & Parkas, 2000, p. 401). While there is no basis to establish a direct link to organizational learning, this example does show an instance where resistance has functioned to stimulate learning by performing the following functions: signaling existence of a problem, stimulating a reflection on the situation, and consequently leading to some form of change.This implicitly illustrates that resistance can play a role in stimulating organizational learning. Limitations However, even though it has hitherto been contended that resistance can function to stimulate organizational learning, one needs to avoid slipping into an idealistic interpretation of the role of resistance and recognize the various limitations that can inhibit its functions. Furthermore, it is crucial to note that while resistance can function to stimulate organizational learning, it by no means imply that resis tance will result in learning.In reality, whether or not resistance leads to positive outcomes, or whether it stimulates learning at all depends chiefly on a wide range of other internal or external factors surrounding the organization in question. Firstly, international in nature, resistance is defined by both the resisters' perceptions of their own behavior, and the targets', or even a third party observer's reactions towards that behavior (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004).Therefore, how resistance is perceived, or whether it is recognized t all, depends largely on the perspectives and interpretations of the relevant actors because the same action may well be perceived differently by different observers. As an example, in their studies of Filipino domestic helpers in Hong Kong, Groves and Change (1999) have reported how the same behavior was perceived as resistance by one researcher (an Asian woman), but perceived as childish and deferent behavior by another researcher (a White man). Th is demonstrates the complexity involved in the recognition of resistance.Even when acts of resistance are intended to be visible and re in fact observable, cultural and social factors, among others, may mean that they may not necessarily be understood as resistance by the target (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). Cultural differences, for instance, may be a particularly relevant variable that could come into play considering the multicultural nature of many contemporary organizations. The possibility that even observable acts of resistance may not be recognized as resistance highlights a key problem: if resistance is not recognized at all, all its potential constructive functions are completely eliminated.For resistance to be functional, it must first be recognized as resistance, and experienced as an unpleasant and undesirable phenomenon. As Jots and Bauer (2003) assert in the metaphor to acute pain, ‘pain needs to be experienced as negative in order to be functional' (p. 1 1). The refore, for resistance to stimulate organizational learning, it has to be first recognized by its target as resistance. Beyond the problem of the perception and recognition of resistance, other complex set of factors can come into play, adding to the complication of the issue.Even when assistance is recognized, further factors could downplay any potential functions of (2005) contend, a wide range of factors exists as ‘disconnects' that widen the gap between ideals and realities. Ultimately, resistance is a deeply sociological phenomenon, encompassing issues such as power and control, equality and differences, social contexts and interactions (Hollander & Nowhere, 2004). This, coupled with the complex nature or organizations and organizational learning, unquestionably points to the complexities involved in conceptualizing the relations between resistance and organizational learning.Particularly, constrains to learning can stem from the existing management, organizational cultur e and organizational configurations (Stubbiness, Freed, Shania, & Doer, 2006). Examples of some specific contextual factors within an organization include: power relations, politics and decision-making authority, culture of communication and interaction and level of management control. One key factor that predisposes organizational learning is the structure and culture of an organization. As Evans, Hoodwinks, Rainbow and Union (2006) claim, the wider social structure of an organization can be essential in enabling or preventing learning.Taking horizontal and vertical organizational structures as examples, one can see that resistance is more likely to stimulate and consequently lead to organizational learning in horizontal organizational structures than in vertical organizational structures. Horizontal organizations, with their emphasis on lateral collaborations, permeable boundaries, mutual understanding and effective communication processes (Baleen, 2000; Dent & Goldberg, 1999) ove r centralized control and decision making, have a better capacity to respond effectively to ambiguity and unanticipated situations (Baleen, 2000).This is also inextricably related to the underlying mindset of an organization. As Catcher-Greenfield and Ford (2005) note, the mindset of the relevant organizational actors can have a direct impact on the level of acceptance or denial towards unanticipated, and particularly, undesirable events (Catcher-Greenfield & Ford, 2005) On one end of the continuum is an acceptance of reality, in which the relevant actors, such as supervisors or managers, are able to let go of past perceptions, experiences and comfortable attitudes, to address new realities that have surfaced.On the other end of the momentum is denial, in which the actors' mindsets are rooted in past experiences and perceptions, and do not accept that there are problems with existing ways, and that change is needed (Catcher- Greenfield & Ford, 2005). Hence, the structure and underly ing mindset of an organization can have direct implications on what ensues after resistance has surfaced. Stubbiness et all's (2006) study of a secrecy-based organization in the defense industry serves to show how organizational learning can be impeded by cultural factors within the organization.In the company, which has an internal culture that does not encourage learning and knowledge transfer beyond individual work units, Stubbiness et al (2006) found that social distance, absence of dialogue between top and middle management, the professional and organizational culture of the company that rarely considers the needs of employees, and the secrecy culture that limits information flow, have all proven to be obstacles to collective reflection and learning.Considering the assumption that learning requires collective reflection (Bout, Creases, & Dougherty, 2006), resistance will likely fail to stimulate earning within an organizational culture such as this which does not support exampl e, Campbell (2006) study of learning in a Catholic church shows how learning can be impeded in dogmatic organizations with rigid rules and authoritative power structures. In such an organization, where beliefs, principles and rules are commonly accepted as authoritative and beyond question, inputs from the lower levels of an organization is normally unwelcome.When learning occurs, it is driven by directives from above (Campbell, 2006). It was observed that in such a culture, the top dervish seeks to maintain control of the entire organization by means of protecting the integrity of organizational principles, leaving little space and flexibility for other organizational actors, such as supervisors and middle managers, to respond to the realities facing the organization at large.While the example of a Catholic Church is a somewhat extreme example, it serves to show how organizational culture and power relations can severely limit the functions of resistance. In all likelihood, resista nce may be suppressed or disregarded. In other words, in such organizations here bottom-up changes are highly improbable, resistance will most likely fail to stimulate organizational learning. Conclusion This essay has presented an overview of the conceptualization of resistance and explored the dominant perspective on resistance in relation to organizational learning in current management wisdom.It has been contended that the negative connotation often prescribed to resistance is largely contributed by the prevalent assumption that views resistance as irrational behavior within the context of resistance to change. Drawing on Jots and Barber's pain metaphor and Wick's reposition about moments of interruption, it has been argued that resistance could be recapitulation in a more positive light. Rather than being seen as an obstacle to overcome, resistance can be seen as a functional resource: as a signal that serves to warn and direct attention to a problem.While providing organizatio ns with the opportunity to attend to and rectify a problem before the problem expands or deteriorates, resistance simultaneously serves to stimulate organizational learning by instigating a felt need for reflection and change. The pain metaphor, in particular, implies that when a warning signal emerges, the intuitive reaction is to manage and rectify the problem. Applying this to the organizational context, then, suggests that resistance will naturally lead to an awareness of the need to change.Yet, the relationship between resistance and learning is not a simple and straightforward one. Ultimately, whether or not resistance can function to stimulate learning is dependent upon many variables. The first problem pertains to the issue of recognition. Due to a range of possible reasons such as perceptions and cultural barriers, an intentional act of resistance may not necessarily be recognized as such y its intended targets. If resistance is not acknowledged and recognized, its potentia l function in stimulating organizational learning is completely eliminated.Furthermore, additional factors, such as organizational structure and culture, may also act to limit the functions of resistance in stimulating organizational learning. Therefore, while resistance does have the potential to stimulate organizational learning, whether or not that translates to reality remains dependent on a wide range of factors surrounding the organization concerned. References Alas, R. , & Shrill, S. (2002). Organizational learning and resistance to change in