Gender Issues of Mesopotamia Essay -- Gilgamesh Gender Female Rights E

Sexual orientation Issues of Mesopotamiaâ â â â â â â â â â â â â  â â â â Since the commencement of our general public, ladies have increased a specific regard and certain rights after some time. Such straightforward parts of life, for example, finding a new line of work, casting a ballot, and in any event, picking who they might want to wed are things that ladies have battled for, for a long time. At a certain point, these were everything that ladies in America and parts of Europe reserved no option to. Men all in all had smothered ladies and assumed responsibility for the general public. Notwithstanding mass mistreatment ever, ladies have ascended in the public eye and now groups these characteristic rights.      Back in the times of Mesopotamia, things were very extraordinary. Ladies were regarded for what their identity was and didn't need to battle to pick up the rights they had. Hammurabi’s Code contained laws, which regarded the privileges of ladies. Society all in all was conformed to this kind of sexual correspondence. A large number of the codes inside Hammurabi’s Code favor the men of the general public, however a considerable lot of them illuminate certain rights for the lives of the ladies. Certain laws exist in Hammurabi’s code so as to tackle issues of the general public. It explains the discipline for specific acts wiping out any further difficulties. Code 136 for instance, discloses what is to happen to a ladies who’s spouse runs off; â€Å"If any one go out, flee, and afterward his significant other go to another house, on the off chance that, at that point he return, and wishes to take his better half back: in light of the fact that he fled from his home and fled, the wife of this runaway will not retur...

The Effects of One-Child Policy on Chinese Kinship

Burt Jiang Anthropology 331 4/22/2013 Term Paper The beginnings of Chinese human progress get its underlying foundations from the Huang-he and Yangtze Rivers. Like other antiquated waterway valley developments, these two streams furnished early Chinese pioneers with the crude materials important to support culture and society. Prospering from little, dissipated factions, self-ruling gatherings of Chinese towns arranged around the streams would thus turn into the structure squares of the old Chinese administrations to the present day, People’s Republic of China.The arrangement of groups turned into a powerful technique for recognizing one’s own ancestry through the support of a solitary last name all through the tribe. As the social structure of the family developed, the mind boggling collaborations among faction and non-group individuals in the long run synergized to make China’s own type of connection. Anthropologists have since come to group Chinese family rela tionship under the more extensive term of Sudanese connection. The Sudanese, and by expansion Chinese, family relationship is viewed as the most perplexing framework with a different assignment for pretty much all of ego’s kinfolk dependent on age, genealogy, relative age, and gender.As watched, the Chinese connection framework as of now has a carefully characterized plan of kinfolk ID, yet the monikers just fill in as a diagram of China’s connection framework. The genuine spine of Chinese connection draws its source from Confucian standards, goals that have been profoundly instilled in Chinese creed since the late fifth century B. C. Among his lessons of dutiful devotion and progenitor revere, Confucius traces for the Chinese individuals the five most essential associations: cooperations among ruler and subject; father and child; senior and more youthful sibling; a couple; and between friends.Of the five collaborations, the connections between father-child, and spouse wife, have seen the best measure of improvement and change all through to course of China’s history. As China left the medieval age and entered the advanced world as The People’s Republic of China, the two associations distinguished experienced impressive changes while keeping up their mark Chinese articulation. Medieval China’s flight, and the approach of socialist China, has delivered quick family change and at last, the inception of the One-Child Policy. Indeed, even despite quick modernization and change, the trong impacts of Confucian standards and a natural patrilineal plummet design despite everything portray Chinese connection; nonetheless, the presentation of the One-Child Policy, and its implications, has put weight on the customary Chinese family structures just as perhaps making a lot more issues people in the future must comprehend. Of all the pseudo-strict establishments that grabbed hold in China, Daoism and Zen Buddhism, most quite, the idea of precursor adore set forth by Confucius is by a wide margin the most pervasive in Chinese culture and connection relationships.Defined by the nine agnates, Confucius took extraordinary endeavors to plot the family unit as plainly as could be expected under the circumstances, three ages before the self image, the inner self, and three ages after the personality. Inside the nine agnates, familial love and obedient devotion turned into the main thrusts that propagated connection communications in China for ages. In this way frames the repeating pattern of Chinese connection, the more youthful ages are kept in line by the guidelines of dutiful devotion while the more seasoned age is kept in memory and respect by means of familial worship.The significance of predecessor love can be conceptualized and emerged through the unpredictable grieving clothing and ceremonies showed by the Chinese individuals. Much like the suru’ai of Kwaio, people in grieving must show no common connection, must not be found out in the open, must have go without sexual movement, and by and large should carry on with an existence of separation all through the grieving time frame (Akin March 11). The grieving time frame is characterized by the relationship of the griever to the person that has died; subsequently, the span of this period can run from a quarter of a year to three years dependent on the quality of the bond shared.During a period of grieving, people should likewise wear supplementing clothing to mean which phase of grieving he/she is in; henceforth the clothing has developed into the five degrees of grieving clothing. Chinese grieving ceremonies were paid attention to very inside the groups and the demonstration of proposing to an individual displaying any phase of the five degrees of grieving clothing was viewed as exceptionally unethical and no-no. Customs of progenitor venerate, such as grieving functions and clothing, serve to underscore the significance of the predeces sors to the Chinese people.The sterility, and structure, of the grieving time frame is a brilliant case of the adoration Chinese people hold for their perished kinfolk; to interfere with the progress from individual to precursor is as yet considered profoundly impolite and untouchable even in current China. Progenitor revere gives an expansive cover of faithfulness for the Chinese family relationship framework. The significance of predecessor venerate is to keep whole factions together, yet the littler familial units require a power progressively valid and exact.Within the family unit, Confucius saw the intelligence to think about another perfect that supplements the thought of precursor adore, that thought being dutiful devotion. Obedient devotion, thusly, gives the build wherein the five connections, laid out prior, can be basically kept up and sustained. Confucius’ relationship of father and child is kept steady by the intensity of obedient devotion. More youthful ages are instructed to regard and notice the counsel of their progenitors. Thusly, this communication makes an unbelievably organized family relationship framework in which acquiescence is particular to individuality.The rules characterized by obedient devotion finished in the composed record known as The Great Qing Legal Code, presented during the Qing Dynasty, 1644 to 1912. This archive not just gave, in incredible detail, the laws and codes with respect to family relationship bonds on every one of the five degrees of relationship, yet it likewise incorporated the disciplines if those securities were broken or tried by wrongdoing (Jones 29). Crime was along these lines rebuffed all the more harshly if the wrongdoing carried out was inside the family, and further heightened if the offense was perpetrated against a higher positioning individual.The significance of maintaining the connection relations set out by Confucius can be found in the Code’s discipline for breaking the as a mat ter of first importance relationship of ruler and subject. Discipline for breaking China’s most significant bond brought about what is known as: â€Å"The annihilation of nine kindreds†. Any person who submits injustice against his/her ruler would be dependent upon the total obliteration of his/her nine agnates, adequately deleting that individual’s bloodline (Jones 16).This extraordinarily unmistakable discipline streamed down, with lesser seriousness, to the next four connections, and at last underlined the significance of faithfulness to family and sovereign. Obedient piety’s hugeness is additionally worried in the dad child relationship due to China’s early liking to the patrilineal plunge framework, echoes from the country’s establishes in the faction structure. Since no one but guys can tolerate and safeguard the family last name, dependability of the child to the dad got basic in a patrilineal plummet system.In request to guarantee th e lineage’s continuation, deliberately masterminded relationships between families would ascend as the front line arrangement. Chinese connection, in the same way as other different frameworks, depends on the establishment of marriage as scaffold between two collections of individuals. Perceived in Confucian lessons, a wedded couple is viewed as the most fundamental social unit from which different connections stem. In Chinese culture, relationships were commonly orchestrated by a go between who might favor the association. After the marriage, the spouse would be fused into the husband’s family; along these lines bringing about the significance of the creation of children to keep the family surname.Throughout history, Chinese relationships and connection rotated around the creation of feasible children to convey the family name. Like Kwaio social orders, fruitfulness of the mother end up being of foremost significance while assessing a marriage relationship (Akin Febru ary 20). It is critical to observe, in any case, that while monogamy was the acknowledged practice, polygamy picked up unmistakable quality in royal families that couldn't deliver a sound male beneficiary, an issue explained likewise by sustain connection (Akin January 23).Once wedded, separate from was conceivable just if the spouse was demonstrated to have occupied with one of these seven offenses: inability to watch dutiful devotion to the parent-parents in law, inability to hold up under a child, reliably disgusting or licentious, harbors envy, has a detestable illness, chatters excessively, or submits a burglary. Albeit uncommon to western social orders, tattle is seen as a toxic substance to families and factions in view of its inalienable proclivity to exaggeration and creation. Patrilineal descent’s significance can be obviously seen in marriage customs as separation is just conceivable if the female neglects to create a child or submits other errs.There are, in any c ase, three particular circumstances in which a spouse is ensured resistance from a separation, those three circumstances being: the wife has no family to come back to, the wife has watched an entire multi year grieving period for her parent-in-law, or if her better half was poor during marriage and is at present riches. Related to progenitor love, obedient devotion, and the organized marriage framework, Chinese family relationship has built up these three trademark columns to shield solid connection obligations of father-child and spouse wife from one age to the next.Although just quickly referenced before, the wedding services themselves are a demonstration of the excess and significance of a choice, for example, union with the Chinese individuals. Sorted by the six manners, Chinese wedding

Soymilk

Soymilk Yesterday I was at the grocery store. I needed to get soymilk, because it is lent and I am fasting. I try to fast like my father does, the Ethiopian way, without any meat or dairy other than fish for 40 days. But this year I didn’t fully since I cook for myself with my dorm mates and it’s hard that way. I looked for soymilk and found almondmilk, flavored milk, sweetened milkvarieties Americans invented. So unlike my mother’s soymilk, that she would make for me and serve hot. She soaked the dried beans in water for a whole night, and then she would prepare the soymilk machine in the morning. It would click and buzz as she hummed while making breakfast, while my brother and I groggily walked to the kitchen. I liked it plain, poured hot from a pitcher into a small ceramic bowl. My brother liked to put sugar in it, and my mother drank it like soup, with layou and jiangyou inside, spicy. We would drink it at the table, listening to the Chinese radio and talking. My mother’s soymilk is thicker than the store-bought kind, served hot, the best for cold days. As I stood there reminiscing in a supermarket, I finally found the unsweetened kind, picked it up and left. Soymilk, cold and packaged and carried in my backpack, as I walked into the gray Sunday of Boston. ??,?????? ?????,????????,???????????????,?????????,??????????????????,??????? ·? ·??,??????? ?????,?????,???,??????????????????????????,?????,????????????????,????????????????????????????,????????????????????? ????????,??????????????????????????,???????????????????????????,?????????,???????????????,???????? ??????????,?????????,????,???????,???,??? ??????????????????

Waste Management Industry in South East Asia Thesis Proposal Examples

Introduction The countries covering the South East Asia region have had a population surge during the past decade and at the same time the population is expected to continue increasing by around 25% of the current figures. This overly populated region is hence subjected to high degree for demand of commodities in order the needs of the consumers can be met. The high number of citizens in the particular countries has also resulted in the increase of waste materials released to the environment either in solid, liquid or even gaseous forms. The high demand for goods and services have burdened the resources and environment leading to the need for the planning in order to reduce the rate of population growth while at the same time ensuring that the habitat remains conducive to every living thing but most important the human race. The great level of industrialization in these countries, for example India, is also a factor that has led to increased amounts of waste materials that are being produced from the various industries. Industries like the textiles, automotive, construction equipment, electronics and semiconductors, and the essential oil and gas engineering services are the main sectors that have caused an upward trend when it comes to waste material release into the environment. The fact that some of the waste materials eluted from such industries are harmful if carelessly disposed off makes the need to find a good solution, which ensures responsible and appropriate management of the waste, an urgent requirement (Holger 2008, pp.5). The proper disposal of wastes from the various human activities is, therefore, an industry that can benefit a lot from this large population. This would be an idea based on an undying supply of raw materials and market. There will always be the need to eliminate the foreign materials from the usual human surrounding so as to ensure there is high quality habitat for every individual in the South East Asian countries. Background This issue of waste management has eventually reached the state of being considered an urgent manner because the various companies in the area, residents of the respective countries and governments did not take the problem to be important. This led to an increase of dumps of different kinds waste materials spread all over. The dumping sites were not allocated with proper planning and the dumping method used was not, in most cases, appropriate enough for the kind of waste. For example, incineration is still being used as a method for disposing healthcare waste despite the fact that the technology has the possibility of releasing dioxins (Visvanathan Adhikari 2006, pp. 20). The steady increase in the population numbers of the region has also necessitated the implementation or established of the waste management sector. The over populated countries covering the region have experienced a parallel increase in amount of waste materials produced from every sector of the different industries. In Bangladesh, for example, during the 1991- 2001 census, the urban population had a growth rate of 3.3% while the solid waste generation also increased proportionately with the growth of this urban population (DOE 2002, pp. 3). Rationale The need for immediate implementation of projects that will ensure that the waste products from the industries and households are handled adequately makes it necessary to provide investors, willing to venture into the waste management sector, with a favorable working environment in terms of both legislations and resources. Like any another industry, there is the obvious facts that affect business ventures. There are things that will definitely attract investors which have to surpass the difficulties and challenges for the business idea to be considered feasible. The attraction factors will depend mostly on the political, social and economic atmospheres of South East Asia. These factors also form the basis of the difficulties and challenges that investors face when trying to enter into any market. In the dynamics of entrepreneurship, it is paramount for a business idea to have the potential to meet the financial expectations of every entrepreneur for it to grown into a viable business opportunity. This means that the attractions behind investment into the waste management sector in the South East region must be high or more than the difficulties plus challenges for entrepreneurs to consider investing the region. The primary purpose of every enterprise is usually to make profits after meeting the needs of its customers. â€Å"Nothing comes free to the enterprise, so the enterprise must also get paid in tangibles or intangibles, for what the enterprise does†(Chatrapathy 2007, pp. 7). This paper is aimed at determining the suitability of South East Asia for investors/entrepreneurs willing to venture into the waste management business by weighing the attractions, difficulties and challenges related to the available market. Objectives To determine the incentives that would attract investors to the waste management business in the region. To determine the difficulties and challenges one is bound to face when starting and running the business in S.E Asia. Attractions for investors As stated above, South East Asia is region which is over populated because of high birth rates in the countries around the region. This has led to a surge in the amount of waste being produce during the every day life activities while the land needed to hold the waste is diminishing with time. These are some of the reasons that made investment into waste management business a lucrative idea in the region. The realization by the various national governments in the region of the need to develop and implement relevant legislations and laws in order to regulate the waste disposal and management process is a factor that makes entices the entrepreneurs to invest into these economies. There are regulations, similar to WEEE directives of Europe, which demands the collection and recycling of all electronic devices. This law makes the produces liable and responsible for the products they produce. The producers are therefore accountable for the cost of waste produced during their activities. This regulation offers an idea to the entrepreneurs where they can set up enterprises that will handle waste management of the waste from the various companies and demand pay (Yap 2011). At the same time, many companies in S.E Asia do not take the waste issue seriously enough. The companies view the act of being responsible and ensuring proper disposal of waste as not being financially attractive. To them the costs of proper waste management actually outweigh the benefits. Based on these views, many companies are opting to hire a third party that will manage the waste disposal issues. This fact also provides an opportunity for setting up a waste management business that focuses on managing waste from specific companies (Visvanathan Adhikari 2006, pp. 3). The Southeast Asian Nations economies are run on the strong performing high-tech manufacturing sectors. These sectors are dependent on the demand for better living conditions which is increasing in the region. The high-tech manufacturing industries have in the process of providing their goods and services created a high demand for some of the services consumed by the waste management industry. The dynamics of economics project that this feature will, therefore, cause more private equity investments into the industry in the near future (Holger 2008, pp.7). The governments for the ASEANs are taking the initiative of allocating larger amounts of money to the implementation of awareness and training program for waste management in their budget. This allocation is also meant to encourage good practices by companies directed towards proper management of waste. The money is used to offer economic incentives to corporations which take waste management seriously. There are also fines for the violators of the good practices. This increased demand for proper disposal of waste and in some cases recycling among localities of each country, governments and corporations will definitely yield an opportunity for establishment of waste management enterprises in the region (O’Neill 2010, pp. 14). The tourism sector also offers an entry point for entrepreneurs targeting the waste management sector. The introduction of the ‘Green Globe’ certification in the tourism sector is aimed at maintaining the natural beauty of the tourist attraction sites. This certification ensures that hotels have to address major environmental issues including waste management. The need to maintain the natural beauty of the sites, mainly islands, offers a chance for the third party investors dealing with the waste management sector (Ernst Young 2008, pp 12.) In Southeast Asia there are very few waste management and recycling companies. This is the dream for any entrepreneur because monopolizing the market means the company can dictate the prices without the worry of losing customers to fellow competitors offering similar services (Holger 2008, pp. 13). Difficulties and challenges concerned with waste management The fact that most companies in the region do not find being responsible to be financially attractive poses a difficulty to potential investors for the waste management business since the market may not sufficient enough to profitable. There is also limited legislative support for the implementation of proper waste management in the various countries in the region. For example, there is no specific legislation pertaining directly to the handling, transportation or disposal of medical waste in Bangladesh (Visvanathan Adhikari 2006, pp. 10).   This situation does not provide the necessary assurance to potential investors (entrepreneurs) either from within or foreign.   The political situation will always affect the level of investment and the ability of an enterprise prospering. The lack of local experienced experts needed to work in the waste management industry also posses a problem because the entrepreneur will have to import labor or commit his resources to training the sparsely educated group of workers. This will eat up on the profits of the business because these two methods of acquiring suitable employees are expensive (Visvanathan 2002, pp.1). Conclusion Despite the few challenges of inadequate legal support or the difficulties-for example, the need to import or train labor- the incentives are enough to attract any entrepreneur willing to venture into the waste management sector in the region. The over population state of countries in Southeast Asia and the strong rate of growth for the high-tech manufacturing industries will ensure a steady market. Hence, the region has the capability to support the establishment and sustainability of waste management business LIST OF References CHATRAPATHY, M. M. (2007). Basics of Business and Entrepreneurship. Bali: Ascent. ERNST YOUNG. (2008). Hospitality going green. Global Hospitality Insights , 1-13. KERN, H. J. (2008). Financial Services. Hidden Treasures , 1-16. O’NEILL, K. (2010). The Problems of Hazardous Waste Management. The Journal of Environment and development , 138-163. SHENG, Y. K. (2011). Urban Challenges in South-East Asia. The Challenges of Promoting Productive, Inclusive and Sustainable Cities Urbanization in Southeast Asia† , 1-22. VISVANATHAN, C. (2002). hazardous waste management in southeast asia. Klong Luang: Asian Institute of Technology. VISVANATHAN, C., Adhikari, R. (2006). Healthcare Waste Management in South Asia. Klong Luang: Asian Institute of Technology.

The Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development

Personality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. Some important theorists that I believe have made a huge contribution are Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, and Dollard and Miller. These theorists have all had their own view on personality development, and I believe that these ideas have shaped the way in which we view psychology today. The many interpretations of conflict, psychotherapy, and cultural and biological aspects of personality have shaped their views and differences as well. Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychology, developed some of the first theories of modern psychology. One of his well-known theories is the structural model of the psyche. According to Freud, most of what drives individuals is buried in the unconscious mind. There are three main forces that drive humans, which include the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is the summation of basic personal needs and desires. It is completely self-centered, and has no care for sensibility or reality. It strives for what it wants, when it wants it with no other considerations. The second part of the personality is the ego. The ego is the realization of reality. It is the ego’s job to, in a sense, counteract the selfishness and impractically if the id. The third part, the super-ego, is morals and acquired beliefs of right and wrong. According to Freud, in order to have a healthy personality, one’sShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development1802 Words   |  8 Pages Personality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. Some important theorists that I believe have made a huge contribution are Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, and Dollard and Miller. 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Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important in The Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development Personality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. Some important theorists that I believe have made a huge contribution are Sigmund Freud, Karen Horney, and Dollard and Miller. These theorists have all had their own view on personality development, and I believe that these ideas have shaped the way in which we view psychology today. The many interpretations of conflict, psychotherapy, and cultural and biological aspects of personality have shaped their views and differences as well. Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychology, developed some of the first theories of modern psychology. One of his well-known theories is the structural model of the psyche. According to Freud, most of what drives individuals is buried in the unconscious mind. There are three main forces that drive humans, which include the id, the ego, and the super-ego. The id is the summation of basic personal needs and desires. It is completely self-centered, and has no care for sensibility or reality. It strives for what it wants, when it wants it with no other considerations. The second part of the personality is the ego. The ego is the realization of reality. It is the ego’s job to, in a sense, counteract the selfishness and impractically if the id. The third part, the super-ego, is morals and acquired beliefs of right and wrong. According to Freud, in order to have a healthy personality, one’sShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Psychology And Personality Development1802 Words   |  8 PagesPersonality Report There are many theorists that have made psychology incredible, and have paved the way for what we believe psychology to consist of today. 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Psychology looks into why people act and think a certain way and how someone can improve themselves. Psychology allows people to understand more about how the mind and body works together. Knowledge such as this can help with decision making processes and avoiding stressful situations. It can help with time management, setting and achieving goalsRead MoreThe Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of Personality Development1130 Words   |  5 PagesThe theory of Psychoanalysis In the early 1800s, Psychologist and researchers were fervent in postulating and hypothesizing. Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important in

Gun Control in America - 1313 Words

Gun Control in America Peter Z Bliss ENG/215 February 2, 2012 Kim Holloway Gun Control in America Gun control is a debate topic that comes up every election and when a major event happens that involving guns. Pro-gun lobbyists say â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† [ (Hagan, 2007) ] the anti-gun advocates want to take away the right to bear arms. This topic has no right or wrong answer it is a preference of the individual. This is why gun control is such a fiercely debated topic. Implementing gun control Gun control cannot determine an accurate measurement according to research as there are two key components to the research lacking. What is the crime rate with no gun control? There is no documented research†¦show more content†¦This Act would require background checks on gun purchases [ (Medlock, 2005) ]. There are those who believe that the NRA has too much political pull in Washington. One such case Representative Peter Smith (R-NH) chose to sponsor a bill that would ban assault weapons. This was after telling the NRA that he opposed gun control. The following election the NRA targeted him and he lost his election race. The NRA has an uncanny ability to feed on the fears of the U.S. citizens. They helped to prevent the renewal of the assault weapon ban in 1994. Five years later two teenagers opened fire at their high school outside of Denver. With the horrific incident still fresh in legislator’s minds the NRS help to defeat a measure that would have prevented these teenagers from purchasing their firearms. As these teenagers had purchased their weapons at a gun show, which did not require the dealer’s to run a background check on them. To say that the NRA has a stance on the subject of gun control is an understatement. Regardless of the positive effects a law will have in preventing violent crimes involving guns. The NRA purposefully refutes those acts and uses its ability to enact fear into its members and citizens. This fear is used to prevent these laws from getting past legislation. Pro-gun control For every anti-gun control argument there is a disputing argument from the pro-gun control group. Studies do show that the gunShow MoreRelatedGun Control in America785 Words   |  3 Pages There has always been and always will be a problem with crime in America. Gun control has become a hot topic when talking about crime prevention. Gun control is any law, policy, or practice created to regulate the possession, production, sale, and use of firearms by private citizens. The majority of the American citizens believe that we should be able to own firearms for protection, leisure and sporting purposes. 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These are some of the questions that strike the hearts of many when the gun control debate music isRead MoreGun Control Laws On America1369 Words   |  6 Pages Many activist think that they could control the gun violence in America, just by taking away weapons from the people and making new laws. What they don’t know is that there are many loopholes in the laws that they make so peoples find ways to get guns. We already have gun control laws from back then. the government just passed more laws instead of enforcing the laws that we already. †The activists pass more and more laws thinking that the more laws we have the better they would be enforced.† (Drake)Read MoreGun Control in America Essay765 Words   |  4 Pages Gun control laws in America have been a long standing issue that is still a problem today. In America it is excessively easier to obtain a gun license than to obtain a driver’s license. 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How Great Is Jay Gatsby free essay sample

Jay Gatsby is an accurate product of the Jazz age. His Greatness can be scrutinized in several ways however his honesty and belief In the concept of the American Dream sets him apart from the other characters In the novel. In an age of Emotional degradation and loss of faith Gatsby proves to be a source of Inspiration with his near Idyllically love for the now married Daisy Fay. HIS love for Daisy is often compared with a medieval chivalric love and this love is contradicted with the values of the age they happen to be living in.Another such irony is that Daisy the object of his worship is unworthy of his devotion, therefore his entire faith in the dream lies misplaced. The misplaced faith in this dream is reflected in the material wealth portrayed throughout the novel ,the house of a knight being replaced with automobiles synonymous then with wealth and power. We will write a custom essay sample on How Great Is Jay Gatsby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The means he uses to achieve his wealth are used to question his greatness too, as he was involved in bootlegging and the setting up of drug stores in a time when such things were illegal.However hose actions can be overlooked as he too Like the rest of the characters Is a product of the Jazz age where dishonesty and lack of moral values were common character traits In order to be successful. The factor that sets Gatsby apart from Jordan for example however Is his continued belief In the Dream until his own demise. Nick Caraway plays a large part in creating the aura of Greatness that surrounds Gatsby even after he is gone. Nick has a fondness for Gatsby with quotes such as There was something gorgeous about his personality.Throughout the novel we are given a depiction of Gatsby that borders on that of a tragic hero. At one point in the novel Gatsby is even said to have Committed himself to the following of the Grail. Further emphasizing his vain attempts to win over the unattainable Daisy. Aside from the impact he created on people that depict him as Great, his own reinvention of himself is something that can truly be commended If not anything else. From his planning of a dally schedule to his contribution In the war. His ambition to rise is a remarkable example of an unvaried belief . Though he achieves this through Illegal means nonetheless proves that anyone who believes In the dream can surely achieve their own success. When he saw Dan Cods yacht drop anchor he ;witnessed the beginning of his Career The yacht represented all the ;beauty and glamour in the world. However Gatsby self recreation is somewhat idealistic from the relentless materialism of Cody, as he never inherited any money left from him by Cody, showing a self reliance that is vastly different from the old wealth of East Egg.Therefore in a time when friendship, loyalty and love was all based on Material success Gatsby had the Greatness to carry forth his dream till his death before which he agreed to take the blame for Myrtles death as he was clutching on to some last hope. At a chance with Daisy. Proving himself to truly be a product of greatness in a time with misplaced loyalties even among friends and loved ones. How Great Is Jay Gatsby By Janissaries several ways however his honesty and bel ief in the concept of the American Dream test him apart from the other characters in the novel. In an age of Emotional degradation and loss of faith Gatsby proves to be a source of inspiration with his near idealistic love for the now married Daisy Fay. His love for Daisy is often these actions can be overlooked as he too like the rest of the characters is a product traits in order to be successful. The factor that sets Gatsby apart from Jordan for example however is his continued belief in the Dream until his own demise. Nick is something that can truly be commended if not anything else.

Maverick Politics John McCain’s 2008 Presidential Bid Essay Example

Maverick Politics: John McCain’s 2008 Presidential Bid Essay In late 2007 and early 2008 the Presidential campaign of Sen. John McCain (R-AZ) seemed dead in the water. Against the expectations of many McCain was able to retool his campaign and outlast his rivals to win the Republican nomination.It was a remarkable achievement for John McCain to win the republican nomination, then go on to run a highly competitive Presidential race. Winning the Presidency is ultimately a function of credentials, timing, image and political skill. McCain had the credentials and the image to win. Unfortunately his timing was not as good and his political skill not enough to overcome this.MoneyMcCain’s team had to deal with money disadvantages throughout the campaign. Early on, the campaign nearly ran out of money. To his credit, the candidate reformed his money team and revamped his fund-raising strategy. 1   Meanwhile, the candidate also refocused and refined his message.Gradually the fortunes of the campaign improved. In reality the republicans had lit tle chance of matching the energized fund-raising of the Obama campaign. Still, McCain could have been more competitive had he taken better advantage of technologies such as the internet. Sen. Obama’s campaign smashed all campaign finance records primarily by using the internet. McCain was still competitive, however, until a series of errors late in the campaign._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________1. Allen, Mike. â€Å"McCain Retools Money Team, Delays Entry.† Politico.com. 2007. 10 Jan. 2009 http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0407/3416.html .Legislative error and The Bush EffectMcCain suspended his campaign late in the process to return to Washington. He wanted to appear proactive in regards to the looming crisis. The results were not as he had hoped. In the process of developing a bill, the candidate would further alie nate his base while also allowing the Democrats to point out his alignment with Bush administration policies. In the end he voted for a bill that provided an unprecedented bailout for the financial industry but also millions in unrelated â€Å"pork† spending.The significance of this event to the campaign cannot be overstated. All along it had been a struggle for McCain to win the support of the fiscally and socially conservative republican base. Gradually he had gained traction based on his â€Å"anti-pork† stance. 2   This vote alienated what should have been McCain’s republican stronghold.This does not mean that likely McCain voters became Obama voters. Instead this vote sapped the energy of the republican grass roots base. Some voters may have chosen to stay home. Fund-raising enthusiasm and effectiveness waned. At the same time, the pro-bailout vote gained little for McCain with independent and likely Obama voters. McCain’s attempt to appear as a st atesman-like leader had backfired. According to political analyst and former Clinton administration official Dick Morris â€Å"Had McCain voted against the bailout of Wall Street firms and backed the republican alternative, there is no question in my mind that he would have won†.3TimingMcCain’s maverick image in the 2000 election effectively gained him support, but not____________________________________________________________________________class=WordSection22. Dick Morris.   â€Å"Where the GOP Went Wrong.† The Washington Post. 6 Nov. 2008: A21.3. Dick Morris.   â€Å"Where the GOP Went Wrong.† The Washington Post. 6 Nov. 2008: A21.enough to defeat the candidate of the republican establishment, George Bush. By 2008 McCain had tacked back toward the establishment, but the American public was moving in the opposite direction. It was ready for a post-partisan maverick candidate. MSNBC Political Director Chuck Todd writes that â€Å"one gets the sense that the public is yearning to support a candidate whose profile is McCain’s, but circa 2000, not today†. 4Bush went a long way towards eroding McCain’s conservative profile during the 2000 campaign. In later years, McCain’s alignment with Bush would cost him dearly. By 2008, any association with Bush was politically toxic across the spectrum. McCain’s high profile association with some administration policies opened him up to attack by the democrats.McCain’s loss is more complicated that just blaming the â€Å"Bush effect† however. Despite his association with an unpopular President, McCain was able to run a highly competitive race. Mistakes down the stretch and the progression of world events would eventually turn the race in Sen. Obama’s favor.The Palin EffectThe selection of Gov. Sarah Palin  ®-AK) as a candidate for Vice President has been criticized in the latter stages of the campaign. Some of this criticism is misplac ed. Palin’s selection energized a republican party that seemed to be just waiting to lose the election. McCain’s instinct to make an â€Å"outside the box† selection was his shrewdest political move of the campaign. Obama had already played into McCain’s hands by selecting longtime Washington_____________________________________________________________________________4. Chuck Todd. â€Å"Prisoner of Bush: John McCain’s tragic Presidential Sitcom.† MSNBC. 2007. NBC News. 10 Jan. 2009  Ã‚   http://www.msnbc.com/id/1971441/print/1/displaymode/1098 .veteran Sen. Joseph Biden (D-Del.) As his Vice Presidential pick. Now McCain was prepared to ride the wave of change.The mistake of the McCain team was the failure to fully prepare Gov. Palin before her entry into the campaign. Also, Palin’s image dominated the media during the crucial stretch run. McCain and his ideas were overshadowed both by Sen. Obama and Gov. Palin. An earlier selectio n would have lost the element of surprise but would have allowed for more prep time, cohesion and the re-emergence of McCain as the leader of the republican ticket.Gaffes and IndecisionAt times, McCain showed a lack of decisiveness that further weakened his campaign. He accepted the endorsement of Pastor John Hagee a man known for a number of controversial statements 4. This gave an opening for the Obama team to deflect the controversy that had arisen over Rev. Jeremiah Wright, the Senator’s former pastor. When questioned about Hagee, McCain seemed unsure how to answer. From ABC News:When asked in an exclusive This Week interview if it was â€Å"a mistake to solicitand accept his [Hagee] endorsement† McCain replied â€Å"Oh, probably, sure†. [Then]McCain made clear that he’s still â€Å"glad to have his endorsement†.   5In another incident McCain was unable to answer the question â€Å"How many houses do you own?† McCain seemed reluctant to answer as he parsed his words. It was later determined that he owned seven houses. The ownership was not so much the issue as his reluctance to answer the question forthrightly The entire incident took McCain off message at a critical point in thecampaign. Democrats were able to use it to insinuate that McCain was out of touch with the average American.class=WordSection5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McCain also missed an opportunity to solidify his conservative base during the debate over border security. His adamant support of the Bush administrations comprehensive immigration plan hurt him on both sides of the political spectrum.Conservatives were rankled because of the candidate’s reluctance to emphasize immigration law enforcement, including the prevention of illegal entry. At the same time, Democrats used the issue to further characterize McCain as a Bush â€Å"clone†. 6   This strategy was used t hroughout the campaign with significant effectiveness.Analysis and ConclusionAmericans, whether they agreed or disagreed, respected what they saw as McCain’s principled stands on issues. The erosion of that image was caused more by McCain’s actions than by anything the Obama campaign did. McCain claimed he’d â€Å"heard the American people† and altered his position on border security. 7   This change provided evidence that McCain, while not unprincipled, was more of a political animal than previously thought.A similar trait was shown during the Hagee incident and the Capitol Hill bailout negotiations. Meanwhile President-Elect Obama was able to remain above the fray and McCain was unable to effectively question his opponents qualifications. In short, the McCain campaign_______________________________________________________________________________6. Allen, Mike. â€Å"McCain Retools Money Team, Delays Entry.† Politico.com. 2007. 10 Jan. 2009 http ://www.politico.com/news/stories/0407/3416.html .7. Dick Morris.   â€Å"Where the GOP Went Wrong.† The Washington Post. 6 Nov. 2008: A21.was playing defense too often during the campaign. Its attempts to go on the offensive weremiscalculated and mistimed.In the end, the shifting of political sands contributed as much to McCain’s loss as anysingle event. The precipitous slide in the economy brought it to the forefront as an issue. McCain’s strength, according to the polls lay in national security. Once this was a secondary issue in theminds of voters, President-Elect Obama had the advantage. McCain did not seem prepared to provide answers for the economy. Obama, while short on details, at least portrayed an action-oriented image and appeared to recognize the seriousness of the economic collapse.McCain had three main advantages: experience, the success of the Iraqi troop surge, and his reputation for being against wasteful government spending. He was unable to capitalize fully on any of these advantages. The value of experience was negated by a growing sentiment for change. The war and national security became less of an issue as the economy melted down. McCain himself diluted the third advantage by voting for a massive financial industry bailout that also contained billions in unrelated spending. These missteps, along with the rising tide of progressivism resulted in McCain’s defeat.

Haber De and Haber Que in Spanish

Haber De and Haber Que in Spanish Two of the most common phrases using haber are haber que and haber de, both of which can be used to express obligation or the need to perform certain actions. Keep in Mind Haber que, usually in the form hay que, is used in the third person to say that an action is necessary or essential.The more formal haber de  can be used to say that a person or entity needs to take  an action.Both haber que and haber de are followed by infinitives. Hay Que and Other Forms of Haber Que Haber que is the more common, although it is used only in the third-person singular, which is hay que in the indicative present tense. In the present tense haber que is often translated as it is necessary, although in context you might also translate it with phrases such as you need to, you should, you have to, or we need to. Note that the phrase hay que doesnt explicitly state who or what needs to take the action, only that its necessary. But if the intended meaning points to who needs to take the action, that can be specified in the English translation as shown in some of the examples below. The phrase is followed by an infinitive, the most basic verb form. A veces hay que perder para ganar. (Sometimes it is necessary to lose in order to win.)Para ser doctor, hay que estudiar mucho. (In order to be a doctor, you need to study a lot.)No hay que comprar un mà ³vil a un nià ±o antes de los 12 à ³ 13 aà ±os. (It isnt necessary to buy a cellphone for children before theyre 12 or 13.)Se queremos hijos felices hay que enseà ±arle a navegar en tempestades. (If we want happy children, we need to teach them to navigate through turmoil.)Hay que comer solo cuando tengamos hambre. (We should eat only when were hungry.)Hay muchos libros que hay que leer. (There are many books that need to be read.)No es suficiente criticar al presidente,  ¡hay que votar! (It isnt enough to criticize the president - you need to vote!) Haber que can also be used in other tenses and the subjunctive mood: Esta vez habà ­a que ganar. (This time it was necessary to win.)Hubo que esperar 30 aà ±os. (It was necessary to wait 30 years.)Tarde o temprano va a haber que pagarlo. (Sooner or later it is going to be necessary to pay it.)El gobierno cambiar lo que haya que cambiar. (The government will change what needs to be changed.)Nunca pensà © que hubiera que decir eso. (I never thought it would be necessary to say this.) Haber De Haber de can be used with a similar meaning, although this use is usually fairly formal or literary. Haber is conjugated fully, not confined to the third person in the way haber que is.  ¿Quà © he de estudiar para poder escribir libros? (What do I need to study in order to be able to write books?)Has de pensar en tu vida. (You need to think about your life.)Hemos de determinar el nà ºmero de gramos de nitrà ³geno que hemos de obtener. (We have to determine the number of grams of nitrogen we need.) In some areas, haber de also can express probability in much the same way that have to (or sometimes must) in English can express likelihood rather than obligation: Aquà ­ ha de caer la lluvia. (Rain must have fallen here.)La solucià ³n al problema ha de ser difà ­cil. (The solution to the problem must be difficult.)Has de ser rica. (You must be rich.) Finally, haber de in the conditional tense can be used, especially in questions, to express the idea that something doesnt make sense:  ¿Por quà © no habrà ­a de darle la mano a la reina? (Asked not to get information, but to express amazement: Why shouldnt he shake hands with the queen?) ¿Por quà © el universo habrà ­a de tomarse la molestia de existir? (Why would the universe go to the bother of existing?) ¿Por quà © habà ­an de creer la verdad, si la mentira resultaba mucho ms excitante? (Why should they have believed the truth, if the lie turned out to be much more exciting?) ¿Quià ©n habrà ­a de hacer eso en Panam? (Said in an incredulous tone: Who would do that in Panama?)

Marketing Research Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Research Report - Coursework Example That is a serious issue and that is the reason behind loss of skilled and experienced employees as those employees quit their jobs. Here in this research I discussed about this problem thoroughly and some solutions I have given at the end. 1. Introduction and problem definition: As a manager of an IT farm I found that there are several corporate problems a organisation faces like drop in market share, profit fall, employee turnover reduction, quality assurance issues, problem form client ends, government policies and several rules and regulations etc. But here I am going to discuss the problems regarding my various employees who just came back from onsite jobs or foreign locations. The details of the problem is discussed below- In modern days it is common to give strategically important tasks to top level executives and send them to foreign countries for a certain time interval. It is widely known as expatriation. To reduce cultural shock it is very important to make those employees aware and train for the culture of new countries and locations. It definitely cost a large amount of money for the organisations to train its employees for a new country. At the moment work in abroad complete that employee comes back to its older location or may be in home country then that employee have some problem regarding this cultural trauma this is known as repatriation. (Nikolaeva, 2010, p.5) Objective of our research is how handle the repatriation practices throughout the organisations efficiently. To gain international market knowledge expatriation is the effective tool. It is also helpful for the organisation when that employee after coming back to home country apply their international knowledge in the organisation. But it is proven that repatriation process is worse than expatriation process, because when an employee having problem regarding his/her own countries culture then that employee is in real problem. That is why in corporate culture repatriation is dangerous th an expatriation. (Arman, 2009, p.1) 2. Research method and limitations To accomplish a valuable research an authentic and generous data collection method need to be followed. Relevant data are collected from market research, after processing those data, they can be used in various research purpose. Hidden knowledge behind the research is understood by the research results and it makes aware the researcher about the problem thoroughly (Kolb, 2008, p. 12). By the market research, researcher get the data form very wide range of population like clients, employees, management people, logistics agents etc (McDaniel & Gates, 1995, p. 5). From several researches methodology researcher can choose couple of them or only one of them. But researcher always needs to keep one thing in mind that his goal of research should not ever get distracted from the previously decided path. Research methodology is the most important factor of the framework as whole analysis is depending on this. Source is th e next important part of the research. Researcher chooses what research approach is also another important factor. After that selection researcher needs to calculate how much primary and secondary research is need to be done and how much importance they need to give each method. After that its only remaining thing is

Research paper on Sweden Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

On Sweden - Research Paper Example They face some distress and mistrust of people from different cultures. They are often afraid that other cultures will not understand them (Devito, pg 150). The geographical orientation of Sweden is another roadblock to successful communication. The country is separated by many rivers and forests. This makes it hard for people of different cultures to meet and mingle. Ethnocentrism is another noticeable barrier among the Swedish. They often feel that they culture is the richest as compared with other cultures. They therefore believe that other cultures should study their culture and not vice versa (Guirdham, pg 316). Americans are continuously trying to ease thriving communication with the Swedish. However several strategies are needed for this to actualize. The Americans should be Americans more open -minded to the Swedish culture. They should develop a positive attitude towards the culture. Americans should also be more flexible in accepting the Swedish culture. They should strive to be altruistic this will ensure that the Swedish group opens up to new ideas. The most effectual way for Americans to enhance communication with the Swedish group is by understanding and learning their culture (Verderber et al pg 117). This will ensure that the Americans learn the Swedish culture. In so doing the Swedish group will be compelled to learn and open up to more

Analysis of the Dutch Healthcare System Real Estate

Analysis of the Dutch Healthcare System Real Estate Chapter 2: Hospitals, corporate real estate management and alternative real estate financing structures Healthcare systems across the globe are under continuous reform. Thus, it is important to note that healthcare systems are still evolving. Moreover, in Europe a distinction is made between so-called Bismarck mixed and Beveridge healthcare models. Bismarck systems are based on social insurance, and characterized by a multitude of insurance organizations, who are organizationally independent of public and private healthcare providers. Examples are such as in France, the Netherlands and Germany (Krankenkassen). In Beveridge systems, however, financing and provision are handled within one organizational system and based on taxation. This implies healthcare financing bodies and providers are completely or partially within one organization, such as the National Health Service (NHS) in the UK and Spain (Lameire, et al. 1999; Finfacts, 2007). Throughout history, healthcare systems across the world have evolved from Bismarck into Beveridge systems and vice versa. Usually, such reforms are a bone of contention. A recent example is the highly controversial debate in US politics on reform of the American healthcare system, which is unique in its application of the Private Insurance model (Lameire, et al. 1999). Democrats have long called for a universal health insurance program, which involves the expansion of coverage and restricting the power of insurance companies. Proponents argue that health insurance should be affordable and accessible to all, while opponents (mainly Republicans) fear too large a role of the government and the use of tax money to finance the arguably enormous costs involved. Both parties seem to agree that the power of insurance companies should be restricted by banning underwriting practices that prevent many Americans from obtaining affordable health insurance. However, though U.S. president Obama has praised various aspects of the Dutch social security-based (Bismarck) healthcare system, a similar evolution of the American healthcare system yet has to commence (NY Times, 2009). This section begins with a brief historic overview of the Dutch hospital (or cure) sector, with a focus on its evolution. Second, the interdependencies between healthcare real estate, (strategic) corporate real estate management, and alternative real estate financing structures will be elaborated upon by using corporate real estate management (CREM) theory and comparing various sources from academic literature. These are intertwined since healthcare heavily depends on real estate as a resource in fulfilling its core business activity. By opting for alternative ways to finance real estate, hospitals are able to free up additional capital to support their clinical activities. As the Dutch healthcare system currently is under reform and hospitals become responsible for real estate investments themselves, they are under increasing pressure to consider more cost-efficient options and enhance their competitive position. Alternative real estate financing structures such as public-private partnerships, where hospitals profit from the knowledge and experience of private sector parties through various partnership agreements, could provide a alternative feasible alternative here to more traditional real estate financing structures. For example, hospitals could opt for a sale-lease-back agreement, where hospital real estate is sold to a private party and leased-back to the hospital for an annual fee. By analyzing the above, this theory and literature review will provide the reader with an answer to the following sub-questions: How are Dutch hospitals regulated and financed? How can corporate real estate management add value to hospital real estate? How do alternative real estate financing structures relate to hospital real estate? The Dutch hospital sector The origins of healthcare in the Netherlands can be traced mainly to the activities of voluntary organizations, which often provided healthcare on a charitable base. These organizations used to be run mainly on religious or ideological foundations, resulting in the creation of healthcare facilities with a Protestant, Roman Catholic, Jewish or humanistic foundation (Folter, 2002). The Dutch healthcare tradition reflects the changing relationship between the government and voluntary organizations. Dutch hospitals largely originated from private and often charitable initiatives; virtually all are non-profit and most are still private organizations. However, today they are no longer organized along denominational lines. Though private ownership predominates, the Dutch government heavily regulates the healthcare system. In the postwar era of the 1950s, there was a focus on hospital construction, part of the broader effort to rebuild the country. In 1971, an extensive planning system was undertaken under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV) to regulate hospital capacity, the main motive being that many people felt hospitals were too concentrated in the urban areas and too few were located in other parts of the country (Den Exter, et al. 2004). Planning, regulation and management In the 1960s and 1970s, the expansion of health technology and healthcare resulted in a steep increase in health care costs. The main cause of the cost increase was attributed to the building of new hospitals and healthcare institutions. The Hospital Provision Act (WZV) of 1971 became the Dutch governments most important hospital planning tool, enabling the government to regulate construction of all healthcare institutions. The responsibility for its implementation was allocated to the provincial health authorities. The overarching goal of the WZV was to regulate the supply and promote the efficiency of hospital care. Hospitals were not to be constructed or renovated without successfully passing a declaration and licensing process. Approval of the building project rested on a detailed plan for each hospital service affected in a specific geographic region, which included a description of the existing service capacity, the suggested change of capacity, and a schedule to complete the project. The planning process began with the issuance of an instruction from the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport to the provincial government. The instruction described the categories of hospital facilities for which plans were to be developed, the geographical region covered, and the deadline to complete this. Provincial governments considered a number of regulations and guidelines in the process. Regulations related to the planning process and guidelines to the content of the plan. Many stakeholders were involved in the formation of regulations, including hospitals, patients and consumer organizations, local authorities, and insurance companies. In the initial stage, the provincial government prepared a draft plan. This plan included: an inventory of existing capacities; an evaluation of the existing situation in terms of shortages and weaknesses; a description of construction, renovation and expansion proposals; and an implementation plan and time schedule. Subsequently, the draft was forwarded to the health minister for approval. The health minister, after counseling the Hospital Provision Board (CBZ), determined whether or not the draft was acceptable. The draft plan formed the foundation for the issuance of so-called acknowledgements, which allowed hospitals to receive reimbursement for services from health insurers. The drawbacks of the initial hospital planning process under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV) were its complexity and lack of flexibility. Therefore, in January 2000, in order to improve the planning process, a new Act, the Special Medical Procedures Act (WBMV), came into existence. The focus of this Act was on quality of care rather than cost containment and aimed at promoting healthcare with maximum quality and minimum risk to patients at affordable cost (Den Exter et al., 2004). Decentralization According to Den Exter et al., in the Netherlands policy traditionally has been prepared and implemented by a massive neocorporate bureaucracy, uniting government agencies, quasi-governmental organizations (the advisory and executive bodies), suppliers and providers in the private sector, and insurance companies. This national body has a significant degree of control over decisions regarding the number and distribution of hospital beds and specialist places, and on investment decisions and management costs in health care. In the 1970s, centralized government coordination and planning became the leading principle in the Dutch healthcare system. However, the 1974 policy paper Structuring health care (Structuurnota Gezondheidszorg), contained proposals for decentralized administration by regional and local authorities (Second Chamber of Parliament, 1974). In 1986, the coalition government departed from the centralized model by undertaking major reforms, especially in the field of social health insurance. The integration of different insurance schemes into one social insurance for all Dutch citizens (with largely income-related contributions) was a bone of contention. The aim was to increase solidarity in healthcare financing. Under these reforms, all insurance companies would function as independent and risk-bearing insurers and compete for insured patients under the same regulations. A central fund (centrale kas) was to provide budgets for all the insurers. A key issue in the reforms was the shift of the insurance risk from the public funding system to the individual insurance plan, justified by the less government, more market trend. The shift of insurance risk involved a policy of transferring regulating competencies from the collective to the private sector, such as providers and insurance companies. In the Netherlands, this policy is called functional decentralization. This has mainly occurred in the cure-sector, which entails acute care and both specialist and general medicine. By means of negotiations and contracts, an increasing number of health insurers and providers have become important determinants in shaping and interpreting healthcare today, while the government and administrative agencies used to assume these roles in the past. This is emphasized by the new role assumed by medical specialists in hospital care. For example, they have acquired an independent coordinating position versus both hospital management and sickness funds (Scholten and van der Grinten, 1998). Hospital budget reforms In the Netherlands, today all hospitals and other healthcare institutions are required to have an overall annual budget. This is in line with the governments cost-containment policy. If the hospital exceeds its budget, there is no possibility of recalculation or compensation. Specialist fees are an exception to this overall hospital budget. Below follows an overview of the budget reforms that have taken place up until 2009. Function-directed budgeting (1988 2000) The old budget system, which was in use since 1988, was a function-directed budget system. The budget was divided in four cost components: location costs, fixed costs, semi-fixed costs, and variable costs. Location costs concern infrastructure, for example buildings and equipment including depreciation and interest. In the old budget system, these investments required approval by the health minister under the Hospital Provision Act (WZV). Second, fixed costs are costs that do not generally vary with the activity volume. For example, the number of people served by a hospital in the region. Thirdly, semi-fixed costs are not affected by the scale of production of a hospital in the short run. These are capacity-based costs, and include the number of beds and specialist units. Finally, variable costs are directly related to the activity volume or the production (production units) of the hospital. Parameters for variable costs include admissions, outpatient visits, nursing days, day care and day treatments (Den Exter et al., 2004). In the old system, the hospital budget was determined as follows: Number of persons in service area (x tariff) + number of licensed hospital beds (x tariff) + number of licensed specialist units (x tariff) + negotiated volumes of production units, for example hospital admissions (x tariff), inpatient days (x tariff), first outpatient contacts (x tariff), day surgery (x tariff) and special treatments (x tariff) Tariffs varied with hospital size, implying larger hospitals were allocated higher tariffs than smaller hospitals. In addition, hospitals were allocated capital expense budgets. For example, rebuilding projects and new hospital construction projects were covered by a 100% mark-up applied for 50 years. This implies payment was guaranteed for 50 years through a mark-up in the day rate. As a result, hospitals were not exposed to financial risk regarding major capital expenses. Further, hospitals received a standardized budget for small investments, such as maintenance. These investments did not require the approval of the health minister. Performance-driven budgeting (2000 2005) Until 2000, hospitals still received the full budget when it produced less inpatient days than estimated under the principle budget=budget. However, this was changed into a performance-driven payment system implying hospitals would get paid less if they would produce less inpatient days than agreed upon with health insurers. The underlying notion of this change was to increase hospital production, in order to put a halt to waiting lists. However, this transition brought a number of new problems along: Hospital budgets were unable to keep up with the increase in demand for hospital care. While patients paid insurance, they were unable to benefit from hospital service directly because of waiting lists. The admissions, inpatient days and day surgery tariffs used to set the budget proved completely artificial, not reflecting true costs. Incentives for efficiency were weak. The budgeting system did not stimulate hospitals to inform insurers and patients about their performance. This is a politically sensitive issue, as hospitals received extra money to combat waiting lists but were reluctant to explain for what goals they used this money. DBC-budgeting and dot (2005 present) Therefore, a new gradual transition is currently taking place to a Diagnosebehandelings-combinatie (Diagnosis Treatment Combination, DBC) financing system. The DBC system has the following implications: a transition to output pricing with defined and priced patient-treatment categories; location costs remain fixed and all other maintenance costs will be integrated into the location cost center of hospital budgets (set by the College Tarieven Gezondheidszorg, CTG, Healthcare Tariffs Council); and hospitals are contracted by sickness funds based on patient-treatment categories. The main notion is that hospitals are reimbursed for the costs they incur resulting from medical treatments. The DBC-A segment tariffs (acute care) remains government regulated (through the NZa, Dutch Healthcare Authority) and concerns acute care, whereas hospitals are largely free to negotiate tariffs with healthcare insurers in the DBC-B-segment (non-acute care) in an effort to promote market forces. Currently , about 34% of the DBCs is allocated to the B-segment; the Dutch Health Ministry aims to increase this proportion to 50-60% by 2011 (Van Poucke, 2009). The DBC system is comparable to the DRG (Diagnosis Related Group) system used abroad. However, there are a number of differences: DRGs are coded at the beginning of the treatment, while DBCs are coded afterwards. A patient can be coded in more than one DBC. In the DBC system the coding is not done by special personnel but by a medical specialist. The physician salary is included in the DBC, giving physicians an incentive for upcoding. In the DBC system, more flexibility is granted to parties that negotiate at the local level on production, number of treatments, and number of specialists. Furthermore, efforts are being made to integrate the fee-for-service system for specialists and the hospital budget system into a single integrated budget (Den Exter 2004). However, since the system is still in early development, the effects of DBC financing on hospitals are still ambiguous. As a result, improvements have been proposed which will be implemented as of January 1 2011 under the DOT (DBCs Op weg naar Transparantie, DBCs on the road to Transparency). This implies that the 100,000 DBC products will be sized down to only 3,000 in order to increase transparency for the patient, healthcare practitioners and healthcare insurers (DBC Onderhoud, 2009). Real estate investment reforms Until 2008, the Dutch healthcare system applied a publicly supported healthcare real estate budget system. However, since 2008, Dutch healthcare institutions have become financially responsible for the return and risks of their real estate investments (see Chapter 5: Real estate investments). Moreover, the Dutch healthcare system is changing toward a regulated market system with increased competition between healthcare providers. According to Van der Zwart et al. (2009), these developments are likely to change the way healthcare institutions will manage and finance their real estate, the location choices they make and the building typology they choose. Furthermore, real estate is becoming an increasingly strategic fifth source of profitability and overall performance, similar to capital, human resources, information and technology (see figure 2.1). For hospitals, considering and using real estate as a strategic production asset can reap added value, as will be explained in section 2.2.2. Financing hospital real estate: from supply-driven to regulated market forces As health insurers now negotiate quality and quantity agreements with hospitals and patients are broadening their horizons, the importance of an integrated approach to the product hospital care. Hospitals should be able to use their real estate as a distinguishing element in attracting customers (the patient). As a result, real estate is being transformed into a strategic resource for hospitals as well and hospital executives are paying growing attention to real estate management, including location management (what to do where), business plans (do investments yield positive returns) and real estate asset valuation. Building plans are based on functional clustering: hospitals divide new buildings into hotels (patient rooms), hot floors (operating rooms), offices (simple treatments, patient consults), and industrial plants (medical support/facilitating functions). As hospitals are no longer required to own their real estate assets, some are seeking partners willing to take over some o f their real estate management (Windhorst 2006). The Dutch government used to be in charge of allocating the budget of healthcare real estate investment, but is moving toward a regulated market system to keep healthcare affordable in the future. This deregulation gives healthcare institutions the opportunity to make their own decisions, translating into more individual responsibility and a higher risk exposure of investments. The government no longer guarantees financial support for real estate investments, and thus real estate investments have to be financed by the production and delivery of healthcare services. As a result, the need for competitive advantage will also increase (Van der Zwart, et al., 2009). The Dutch government used to apply a strict approval system in the former real estate budget system in order to regulate the capacity and costs of hospital health care. All initiatives to build, renovate or demolish a hospital building were evaluated in terms of their fit with a regulated overall capacity per service area, square meter guidelines per hospital bed and per function, and a maximum standard of costs per square meter (Van der Zwart, et al., 2009: 2). The initiatives were approved by the Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports, who was advised by the Netherlands Board for Healthcare Institutions. The real estate capital costs (depreciation, rent, maintenance costs and so on) were guaranteed by the government. The healthcare providers real estate budget was independent of the production of healthcare services. According to Van der Zwart et al., hospitals did not bear any responsibility for the risks of their real estate investments in the old system. Furthermore, they were not responsible for the running costs and a possible deficit if production decreased. As a result, hospitals attempted to obtain the maximum amount of square meters and were not encouraged to be either cost efficient or cost effective. In March 2005, the Dutch Minister of Health, Welfare and Sports announced the modification of this real estate budget system and the introduction of a healthcare system with regulated market forces (Hoogervorst, 2005). The main goal is to keep healthcare affordable by stimulating competition and, as a result, reduce healthcare costs. This deregulation provides healthcare institutions with more flexibility in the briefing, design and management of hospital buildings and real estate investments. Similar to the old system, private not-for-profit initiatives are still the main force behind the capacity of hospitals, but in the new system hospitals are themselves responsible for the return on real estate investment and the effects of real estate decisions on utility value, investment costs and running costs. Since January 2008, hospitals have to finance real estate investments and capital costs from their product and service revenues. This implies a switch from a centrally steered real estate budget system with governmental ex ante testing of building plans and investment proposals into a performance driven and regulated finance system on the output (Van der Zwart, 2009: 3). To ensure a smooth transition, there is a transition phase until 2012 with a standardized and maximized budget for capital costs per m ². This trend will have a strong effect on the briefing, design and management of hospital real estate (Van der Voordt, 2009). Hospitals will get new opportunities while experiencing higher risks at the same time and hospitals will have to aim more at competitive advantage. Furthermore, partnerships with private partners will be more common. According to Fritzsche et al. (2005) and van Hasselt (2005), this transition has a number of implications, as illustrated in table 2.1 and figure 2.1. Moreover, organizational changes (e.g. mergers and network organizations), demographic changes (ageing of the population, multicultural diversity), technological developments (e.g. new medical equipment, new installation techniques), fluctuations in the economy and changing views on healthcare and the responsibility of government, healthcare organizations, market players and healthcare consumers play their role, too (Van der Voort, 2009: 2). As a result of mergers and the growth in hospital functions, hospitals are likely to grow even larger than before. Van der Voordt argues that all these changes affect the healthcare real estate stock and cause a need for new health care real estate management strategies. Christensen et al. (2000) warn for the entrenched and change-averse nature of healthcare systems. They argue governments and institutions should be more open to business models that may seem to threaten the status quo at first, but will eventually enhance the quality of healthcare for the end-user: the patient. New institutions with disruptive business models adapted to new technologies and markets should replace entrenched and old-fashioned institutions. Thus, they conclude that government and healthcare sector leaders should help insurers, regulators, hospitals and health professionals to facilitate disruption instead of preventing it. Current challenges The practical implications for hospitals of the current transition to a new healthcare system in terms of capital financing and real estate investments will be further explained in chapter 4 and 5. First, the following section will elaborate on the theoretical foundations of corporate real estate management. Corporate real estate management In order to make well considered decisions with regard to new building projects, rebuilding projects and the sale of real estate property, a deep knowledge of the real estate property and the many related internal and external developments is required. For example, what actions need to be taken in order to eliminate or reduce discrepancies between demand and supply? And how effectively does real estate support the main business processes? Corporate Real Estate Management is one of the disciplines that addresses such questions. The key issue at stake here is to align the supply (e.g. locations, properties) with the requirements related to the primary process (demand) and the strategic goals of the organization. The overall aim is to create maximum added value for the organization while ensuring a maximum contribution to total organizational performance (Van der Voort, 2009). Increasingly, (corporate) real estate is becoming a substantial resource for firms and other institutions. For example, firms are looking at real estate to provide both stability and capital growth to their portfolios. It thus presents an attractive return compared to the volatility in equity prices (DTZ, 2006). Already in the early 1990s, researchers began to call attention to the largely unrecognized importance of corporate real estate to many businesses. They pointed at the substantial balance sheet value of real estate and the large proportion of operating expenses resulting from real estate services (Roulac, 2001). For example, Veale (1989) concluded corporate space costs account for 10% to 20% of operating expenses or nearly 50% of net operating income. In their paper, Rediscover your Companys Real Estate, Zeckhauser and Silverman (1983) estimate corporate real estate accounts for 25 to 40 % of the total assets of the average firm. Many firms underestimate the intrinsic value of their real estate portfolio, even though the magnitude of costs related to owning properties are second only to payroll costs (Veale, 1989). Zeckhauser and Silvermans survey results mention 7 important steps a firm can take to make more efficient use of its real estate assets. For example, firms should manage real estate responsibly and set achievable goals in order to generate profits from its real estate assets or limit costs. Furthermore, a firms choice of real estate activities other than managing property depends on the nature of the business it operates in and the historical record of its real estate portfolio. This implies that firms that more heavily depend on real estate for their business activities might be more actively involved with their proper ty management. Zeckhauser and Silverman conclude that every firm should review and adjust its real estate policies to reconcile operating objectives with real estate values and opportunities, and evaluate the intrinsic value of its property. Though the return on real estate is generally lower than the return on the core business activity, real estate may provide other forms of added value, such as efficiency and effectiveness of the activities in the firm. Kaplan and Nortons (1992) balanced score card approach describes the performance of a corporation as being defined by a combination of financial, internal business, customer, and innovation and learning perspectives. In addition to the financial value of real estate, unique characteristics such as the design of a building transform real estate into an asset that can be difficult to imitate, substitute, or trade. Furthermore, the physical image of a building may function as a marketing tool, attracting attention to a firms services. Thus, when buildings reflect the business purpose and promote important work relationships they can contribute significantly to corporate strategy and serve to distinguish a firm from its competitors (Krumm de Vries, 2003). Strategic corporate real estate management Roulac (2001), with his Aligning corporation real property with corporate strategy-model, links real estate strategies with sources of competitive advantage. A corporate business strategy addresses key elements such as customers, employees and processes. A corporate property strategy affects employee satisfaction, production factor economics, (realized and foregone) business opportunities, risk management decisions and other effects on business value. Thus, it is crucial in enhancing or inhibiting the companys expression of its core competency and the extent to which it can realize its core capabilities to their full potential (Roulac, 2001). The existing scientific research in this field has resulted in the conclusion that it is generally more advantageous for firms to rent, rather than own the real estate they use, enabling them to free up capital to invest in the things they are good at (Brounen and Eichholtz, 2003). The shares of firms who sell their real estate typically outperform the average and firms with large corporate real estate holdings are typically associated with relatively low performance. However, within the field of real estate finance, little research has been conducted on the effects of alternative real estate financing structures on the performance of non-profit organizations, such as hospitals. Though Eichholtz and Kok (2007) examined the performance effects of alternative real estate financing on the American senior healthcare sector, little is known about the performance of hospitals owned and/or operated through alternative real estate financing structures such as, for example, public private partnerships (PPPs). In 1993, real estate expert Michael Joroff (1993) expressed the need for a move in real estate management from a purely operational approach to a more strategic one, including a strong emphasis on the role of real estate in achieving corporate goals. According to Joroff, this requires a switch from a day-to-day focus on building management (manager) and controlling accommodation costs (controller) towards standardized real estate utilization (trader), adapting real estate assets to the market (entrepreneur), and eventually ensuring strategic real estate decisions contribute to corporate goals (strategist). See figure 2.2 below. An organization often finds itself in a combination of different stages. According to Fritzsche (2005) hospitals still need to make the move to the upper stages. Thus, when hospitals make a transformation to more business-like entities, they will find themselves in the entrepreneur or strategist stage. However, it is debatable whether hospitals should be located in the final stage, as hospitals in essence are non-profit foundations and do not have the same goals and core-business activities as business organizations. This is where the classical debate regarding public versus private provision of a public good (healthcare) enters the arena; this will be discussed further in section 2.3. The added values of real estate According to De Jonge (2002), several ways